Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 6:2 (1979) ► pp.199–230
The History of General and Comparative Linguistics in 19th Century Russia
Published online: 1 January 1979
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.6.2.05ber
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.6.2.05ber
Summary
The article attempts to demonstrate how problems in general and historical-comparative linguistics were worked out and developed during the 19th century in Russia. Largely following the tradition established by 18th-century Russian scholars, especially M. V. Lomonosov (1711–65), who is regarded as the founder of Russian linguistics, 19th-century linguists displayed a lively interest in investigating the social nature of language. Other key interests of these scholars were the study of the systematic character of language, the development of the phonemic principle (including the distinctive feature concept), the typological study of related and unrelated languages, etc. It is shown that their work generally mirrored the intellectual trends of their period, with biologistic views giving way to sociological and psychological ones, as is evident in the work of N. I. Greč, A. X. Vostokov, A. A. Potebnja, J. Baudouin de Courtenay, F. F. Fortuna-tov, and many others. The intellectual climate of 19th-century Europe allowed for a free exchange of scientific information; thus, in its earlier stages, the Russian scientific scene was sometimes influenced by ideas from the West, whereas it can be said that Russian scholars working in linguistics paid back toward the end of the 19th and in the earlier 20th centuries by furthering research leading to a structural concept of language, the study of morphophonology, typology and language universals as is evident in the theories advanced by members of the Prague and Copenhagen schools.
Résumé
Cet article assaie de démontrer comment ont été conçus et résolus les problèmes de la linguistique générale et historico-comparative en Russie. Les linguistes russes du XIXe s. ont manifesté un intérêt marqué pour l’étude des aspects sociaux du langage, suivant en cela la tradition des érudits du XVIIIe siècle, en particulier M. V. Lomonosov (1711–65) que l’on considère comme le fondateur de la linguistique russe. Ces érudits s’intéressaient également au caractère systématique du langage, au développement des aspects phonologiques ainsi qu’à l’étude typologique des langues apparentées et non apparentées. L’article démontre que leurs travaux reflétaient les préoccupations intellectuelles de l’époque par le passage de l’approche biologique à des considérations d’ordre sociologique et psychologique, comme on peut le remarquer à travers les traveaux de N. I. Greč A. X. Vostokov, A. A. Potebnja, J. Baudouin de Courtenay, F. F. Fortunatov et beaucoup d’autres. La libre circulation des idées était largement facilitée par le climat intellectuel de l’Europe du XIXe siècle. Ainsi voit-on une profonde influence en Russie, au début du siècle, des idées venant des pays de l’Ouest. En revanche, on peut dire que vers la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle les érudits russes ont contribué à leur tour à l’avancement de la recherche dans le domaine du structuralisme linguistique, de la morphophonologie, de la typologie et des universaux du langage comme en témoignent les théories élaborées par les membres des écoles de Prague et de Copenhague.
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I have included, in addition to items referred to in the text, bibliographical data in an effort to show the vast scope of work on the history of linguistics carried out in the Soviet Union in the hope that Western scholars may find them useful.
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2020. The Baxtin myth and its historiography. In Last Papers in Linguistic Historiography [Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 128], ► pp. 193 ff.
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