Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 43:3 (2016) ► pp.301–342
Drawing Syntax before Syntactic Trees
Stephen Watkins Clark’s Sentence Diagrams (1847)
Published online: 21 December 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.3.03maz
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.3.03maz
Summary
This contribution investigates the syntactic conceptions of, and the diagramming system introduced by, the American grammarian Stephen Watkins Clark (1810–1901), who introduced the first comprehensive syntactic diagramming system. The structure of the English sentence is illustrated by agglutinated ‘bubbles’ expressing the relations between words by the means of their relative position. The sentence consists of two or three horizontally aligned bubbles containing words that are called principal elements. These principal elements can be complemented with adjunct elements, that appear in bubbles attached below them. For grammatical words the conventions differ depending on whether the grammatical word is a preposition or a conjunction. Coordination is never named as such, but there is an orthogonal abstract relation that connects elements performing the same role in a “compound” construction. The system allows recursivity in two different ways: by wrapping bubbles into other bubbles, thus following a mereological logic (i.e., partwhole relations) close to IC analysis or by hierarchically aggregating bubbles that resemble dependency trees. Clark’s conceptions thus prefigure modern graphical formalizations.
Résumé
Cet article traite des diagrammes et des conceptions syntaxiques du grammairien américain Stephen Watkins Clark (1810–1901) en 1847, qui fut le premier à proposer un système complet de diagrammes syntaxiques. La structure de la phrase anglaise est représentée sous la forme de ‘bulles’ qui sont agrégées les unes aux autres. Les relations syntaxiques entre les mots sont ainsi exprimées au moyen du positionnement relatif de ces bulles. Ainsi, la phrase consiste en un agencement horizontal de deux ou trois bulles qui contiennent les mots que Clark appelle “éléments principaux” (principal elements). Ces éléments peuvent être complétés à l’aide d’élément dits “adjoints” (adjuncts), qui sont représentés par des bulles attachées sous les éléments principaux. En ce qui concerne les mots grammaticaux, les conventions sont différentes suivant qu’il s’agit de prépositions ou de conjonctions. Même si le terme n’apparaît jamais, la notion de coordination est représentée par les constructions “composées” (compound), qui reposent sur l’existence d’une relation orthogonale associant les bulles des éléments principaux verticalement et celles des éléments adjoints horizontalement. Le système permet la récursivité de deux manières: (i) en incluant certaines bulles dans de plus larges bulles, suivant une logique méréologique (relations partie-tout) proche de l’ACI; (ii) en assemblant hiérarchiquement les bulles d’une manière qui ressemble à un arbre de dépendance. De ce fait, les conceptions de Clark préfigurent les formalisations graphiques modernes.
Zusammenfassung
Stephen Watkins Clark (1810–1901) ist der Erste, der ein vollständiges Syntaxdiagrammsystem ausgearbeitet hat. Die englische Satzstruktur wird mit zusammengefügten in einer Art von Blasen dargestellt. Die Stellungen der Blasen bilden die syntaktischen Beziehungen ab. Der Satz wird mit zwei oder drei Blasen dargestellt, die waagerecht angeordnet sind. Diese Blasen enthalten die Wörter, die Clark “Hauptelemente” (principal elements) nennt. Hauptelemente können durch “beigefügte Elemente” (adjuncts) komplementiert werden, die senkrecht angeordnet sind. Die Analyse der grammatischen Wörter hängt davon ab, ob sie zur Kategorie der Präpositionen oder der Konjunktionen gehören. Obwohl der Begriff der Koordination nicht auftaucht, findet sich eine abstrakte orthogonale Relation (“compound”), die die Hauptelemente vertikal und die Adjunkte horizontal verbindet. Das System erlaubt zwei Arten von Rekursivität: (i) das Einschließen von bestimmten Blasen in eine größere Blase, einer mereologischen Logik folgend wie bei unmittelbaren Konstituenten; (ii) das hierarchische Zusammenfügen von Blasen auf eine Weise, die Dependenzbäumen ähnelt. Daher nehmen Clarks Konzeptionen moderne graphische Formalisierungen vorweg.
References (62)
A.
Primary sources
Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter. 1836. Analytic Grammar, with symbolic illustration. New York: French.
Barrett, Solomon Jr. 1845. Principles of English Grammar: being a compendious treatise on the languages, English, Latin, Greek, German, Spanish, and French. Founded on the immutable principle of the relation which one words sustains to another. Albany, N. Y.: Munsell.
Becker, Karl Ferdinand. 1836. Ausführliche deutsche Grammatik als Kommentar der Schulgrammatik. Frankfurt: Kettembeil.
Billroth, Johann Gustav Friedrich. 1832. Lateinische Syntax für die obern Klassen gelehrter Schulen. Leipzig: Weidmann.
Brown, James. 1831. The American Grammar. Prepared for the use of Schools by the author. Philadelphia: Clark & Raser.
Clark, Stephen Watkins. 1847. Science of English Language. A practical Grammar: in which words, phrases, and sentences are classified according to their offices, and their relations to each other. Illustrated by a complete system of diagrams. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co. [= PG1
]. Revised edition 1855 [= PG2
].
. 1851. Analysis of the English Language, with a complete classification of sentences and phrases according to their grammatical structure; designed as an introduction to English grammar. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co. [= AE].
. 1870a. The Normal Grammar: Analytic & Synthetic. Illustrated by diagrams. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co. [= NG].
. 1870b. A Key to Clark’s Normal Grammar, in which the analysis of the sentences in the grammar are indicated by the diagrams, and the examples of grammatic fallacies are corrected. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co.
. 1874. English Grammar for Beginners, with illustrations and diagrams. New York & Chicago: A. S. Barnes & Co.
. 1875. Easy Lessons in Language; with illustrations and diagrams. New York & Chicago: A. S. Barnes & Co.
. 1876. Brief English Grammar, with illustrations and diagrams. New York & Chicago: A. S. Barnes & Co.
Arnauld, Antoine & Lancelot, Claude. 1660. Grammaire générale et raisonnée; contenant les fondements de l’art de parler; expliquez d’une manière claire et naturelle; les raisons de ce qui est commun à toutes les langues et des principales différences qui s’y rencontrent; et plusieurs remarques nouvelles sur la langue françoise. Paris: Pierre le Petit.
Lowth, Robert. 1762. A Short Introduction to English Grammar with critical notes. London: Millar & Dodsley.
Murray, Lindley. 1795. English Grammar, adapted to the different classes of learners. With an appendix, containing rules and observations for promoting perspicuity in speaking and writing. York, England: Wilson, Spence & Mawman.
. 1828a [1808]. An English Grammar, comprehending the principles and the rules of the language. Illustrated by appropriate exercises and a key to the exercises. A new edition. Vol. I1. New York: Thomas Wilson & Co.
. 1828b [1808]. An English Grammar, comprehending the principles and the rules of the language. Illustrated by appropriate exercises and a key to the exercises. A new edition. Vol. II1. New York: Thomas Wilson & Co.
Sweet, Henry. 1892. A New English Grammar: Logical and historical. Part I: Introduction, phonology, and accidence. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
. 2015. Elements of Structural Syntax. Translated by Timothy Osborne and Sylvain Kahane. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
B.
Secondary sources
Aarts, Bas & April McMahon, eds. 2006. The Handbook of English Linguistics, Malden, Oxford–Victoria: Blackwell.
Becker, Tilman & Hans-Ulrich Krieger, eds. 1997. Proceedings of the 5th Meeting of the Mathematics of Language (MOL5). Saarbrücken: DFKI.
Bingen, Jean, André Coupez & Francine Mawet. 1980. Recherches de linguistique: hommage à Maurice Leroy, Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
Brittain, Richard Coutler. 1973. A Critical History of Systems of Sentence Diagramming in English. Austin: University of Texas [Ph.D., unpublished.]
Caddéo, Sandrine, Marie-Noëlle Roubaud, Magali Rouquier & Frédéric Sabio, eds. 2012. Penser les langues avec Claire Blanche-Benveniste. Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires de Provence.
Coseriu, Eugenio. 1980. “Un pécurseur méconnu de la syntaxe structurale: H. Tiktin”. Bingen et al.. 1980.48–62.
Downey, Charlotte. 1991. “Trends that Shaped the Development of 19th Century American Grammar Writing”. Leitner 1991.27–38.
Florey, Kitty Burns. 2006. Sister Bernadette’s Barking Dog: The quirky history and lost art of diagramming sentences. Hoboken: Melville House Publishing.
Görlach, Manfred. 1998. An Annotated Bibliography of 19th-Century Grammars of English. Amsterdam & Philadephia: John Benjamins.
Graffi, Giorgio. 2001. 200 Years of Syntax: A critical survey. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hagen, Karl. [undated]. Polysyllabic [online blog] <[URL]>
Hays, David G. 1965. An Annotated Bibliography of Publications on Dependency Theory. Santa Monica, Calif.: The RAND Corporation.
. 2014. “Sentence Diagramming”. Language Log [online blog] <[URL]>
Huston, Jon. 1954. An Analysis of English Grammar Textbooks Used in American Schools before 1850. University of Pittsburgh. [Ph.D., unpublished; cf. Nietze. 1961: 110]
Law, Vivien. 2003. The History of Linguistics in Europe, from Plato to 1600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leitner, Gerhard, ed. English Traditional Grammars: an International Perspective. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Nietze, John A. 1961. Old Textbooks: Spelling, Grammar, Reading, Arithmetic, Geography, American History, Civil Government, Physiology, Penmanship, Art, Music, as Taught in the Common Schools from Colonial Days to 1900. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Osborne, Timothy. 2006. “Shared Material and Grammar: Toward a dependency grammar theory of non-gapping coordination for English and German”. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 251.39–93.
Percival, W. Keith. 1976. “On the Historical Source of Immediate-Constituent Analysis”. <[URL]>. [online article]
. 2007. “On the Historical Source of Immediate-Constituent Analysis. Further thougths”. <[URL]>. [online article]
Swiggers, Pierre. 1997. Histoire de la pensée linguistique: analyse du langage et réflexion linguistique dans la culture occidentale, de l’Antiquité au XIX
e
siècle, Paris: PUF.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid, ed. 2008a. Grammars, Grammarians and Grammar-writing in Eighteenth Century England. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Cited by (7)
Cited by seven other publications
Mazziotta, Nicolas, Jacques François & Sylvain Kahane
Mazziotta, Nicolas, Jacques François & Sylvain Kahane
Léon, Jacqueline
Hudson, Richard
Mazziotta, Nicolas
2020. Dependency in early sentence diagrams. In Chapters of Dependency Grammar [Studies in Language Companion Series, 212], ► pp. 133 ff.
Mazziotta, Nicolas
Mazziotta, Nicolas & András Imrényi
2020. Aspects of the theory and history of dependency grammar. In Chapters of Dependency Grammar [Studies in Language Companion Series, 212], ► pp. 1 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 10 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
