Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 43:3 (2016) ► pp.251–284
The Evolution of the Chinese Sìhū 四呼 Concept of Syllable Classification
Published online: 21 December 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.3.01sim
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.3.01sim
Summary
This paper examines the origins and evolution of the Chinese linguistic concept known as the sìhū 四呼 “four types of rime onset” that is frequently applied to the description and analysis of Mandarin and Chinese dialect phonology. Through the examination of phonological texts primarily of the Míng (1368–1644) and Qīng (1644–1911) periods, the author follows the evolution of the sìhū as a phonological feature and outlines the development of the sìhū concept as well as the evolution of the actual term “sìhū” The underlying phonology of the sìhū emerged following the divergence of Mandarin from the other dialects in the Sòng (960–1279), through the Yuán (1271–1386), and into the Míng. The discovery and description of the sìhū was closely related to developments in phonological analysis made by Míng scholars as they departed from Middle Chinese tradition (of the 7th to the 12th centuries) and mapped out contemporary Mandarin pronunciation, especially that of the prestige Mandarin koinē known as Guānhuà. The emergence and description of the sìhū are thus found to parallel the evolution of Mandarin, as the phonological categories the sìhū represent evolved in concert with characteristic Mandarin features. The attention that Míng and Qīng scholars gave to the rime onset types of the sìhū analysis demonstrates that the phonological features represented by this four-way paradigm were considered to be important elements of contemporary forms of prestige Mandarin.
Résumé
Cet article examine les origines et l’évolution du concept linguistique chinois connu sous le nom de sìhū 四呼 (“quatre types de rime-attaque”), qui est fréquemment appliqué à la description et à l’analyse de la phonologie du mandarin et des dialectes chinois. À travers l’examen de textes phonologiques principalement des périodes Ming (1368–1644) et Qīng (1644–1911), l’auteur suit l’évolution du sìhū comme trait phonologique et retrace les grandes lignes du développement du concept de sìhū, ainsi que de l’évolution du terme actuel sìhū. La phonologie sous-jacente au sìhū a émergé à la suite de la divergence du mandarin par rapport aux autres dialectes à l’époque des Sòng (960–1279) et jusqu’aux Míng, en passant par les Yuán (1271–1386). La découverte et la description du sìhū est étroitement liée aux développements intervenus dans l’analyse phonologique faite par les érudits Míng: ils s’écartaient en effet de la tradition du moyen chinois (du VIIe au XIIe siècles) et dressaient la carte de la prononciation du mandarin contemporain, spécialement celle de la koinē mandarin de prestige connue sous le nom de Guānhuà. L’émergence et la description du sìhū se trouvent alors devoir être mises en parallèle avec l’évolution du mandarin, dans la mesure où les catégories phonologiques que le sìhū représente ont évolué de concert avec les traits caractéristiques du mandarin. L’attention que les érudits Míng et Qīng prêtèrent aux types de rime-attaque démontre que les traits phonologiques représentés par ce paradigme à quatre voies étaient considérés comme étant des éléments importants des formes contemporaines du mandarin de prestige.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel untersucht die Ursprünge und die Entwicklung des Begriffes sìhū 四呼 “Vier Typen Reimanlaute” in der chinesischen Sprachwissenschaft. Dieser Begriff wird in der Analyse des Mandarin und der chinesischen Dialekte häufig angewandt. Auf der Grundlage einer Untersuchung von phonologischen Texten meist aus der Periode der Ming (1368–1644) und Qīng (1644–1911) verfolgt der Verfasser die Entwicklung des phonologischen Phänomens sìhū sowie die Entwicklung des Begriffes selbst. Die dem Phänomen der sìhū zugrunde liegende Phonologie entwickelte sich aus der Divergenz des Mandarin von den anderen Dialekten in Sòng (960–1279), Yuán (1271–1386) und den frühen Míng-Zeiten. Die Entdeckung und die Beschreibung der sìhū stand in enger Verbindung mit Entwicklungen in der phonologischen Analyse der Míng-Gelehrten, die sich von der mittelchinesischen Tradition (des 7. bis 12. Jahrhunderts) absetzten und die zeitgenössische Aussprache des Mandarin beschrieben, vor allem diejenige des prestigeträchtigen Mandarin koinē, das auch als Guānhuà bekannt war. Aus der Analyse geht hervor, dass die Entstehung und Beschreibung der sìhū parallel zur Entwicklung des Mandarin verliefen, sofern die phonologischen Kategorien, die die sìhū repräsentieren, sich zeitgleich mit den charakteristischen Zügen des Mandarin entwickelt haben. Die Aufmerksamkeit, die die Míng- und Qīng-Gelehrten auf die Analyse der vier Typen von Reimanlauten verwendet haben, zeigt, dass die phonologischen Züge, die durch dieses vierteilige Paradigma repräsentiert werden, als wichtige Elemente der damaligen Formen des prestigeträchtigen Mandarin angesehen wurden.
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McLelland, Nicola
Orlandi, Georg
2021. On the four grades / four calls of Chinese rime tables. Historiographia Linguistica 48:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
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