Article published In: Missionary Linguistics world-wide: Theory, practice and politics
[Historiographia Linguistica 42:2/3] 2015
► pp. 379–400
Mission, Politics and Linguistic Research
The case of the Anindilyakwa language of North Australia
Published online: 21 January 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.2-3.06rad
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.2-3.06rad
Summary
This article investigates the ways local mission and national politics shaped linguistic research work in mid-20th century Australia through examining the case of the Church Missionary Society’s Angurugu Mission on Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory and research into the Anindilyakwa language. The paper places missionary linguistics in the context of broader policies of assimilation and national visions for Aboriginal people. It reveals how this social and political climate made linguistic research, largely neglected in the 1950s (apart from some notable exceptions), not only possible, but necessary by the 1970s. Finally, it comments on the state of research into Aboriginal languages and the political climate of today. Until the 1950s, the demands of funding and commitment to a government policy of assimilation into white Australia meant that the CMS could not support linguistic research and opportunities for academic linguists to conduct research into Anindilyakwa were limited. By the 1960s, however, national consensus about the future of Aboriginal people and their place in the Australian nation shifted and governments reconsidered the nature of their support for Christian missions. As the ‘industrial mission’ model of the 1950s was no longer politically or economically viable, the CMS looked to reinvent itself, to find new ways of maintaining its evangelical influence on Groote Eylandt. Linguistics and research into Aboriginal cultures – including in partnership with secular academic agents – were a core component of this reinvention of mission, not only for the CMS but more broadly across missions to Aboriginal people. The resulting collaboration across organisations proved remarkably productive from a research perspective and enabled the continuance of a missionary presence and relevance. The political and financial limitations faced by missions shaped, therefore, not only their own practice with regards to linguistic research, but also the opportunities for linguists beyond the missionary fold. The article concludes that, in Australia, the two bodies of linguists – academic and missionary – have a shared history, dependent on similar political, social and financial forces.
Résumé
Cet article explore les façons dont les missions locales et la politique nationale façonnèrent le travail de la recherche linguistique dans l’Australie du milieu du XXe siècle, en examinant le cas de la mission d’Angurugu de la Church Missionary Society (CMS) sur Groot Eylandt dans le Territoire du Nord et de la recherche sur la langue anindilyakwa. L’article situe la linguistique missionnaire dans le contexte plus large de politiques d’assimilation et de perspectives nationales pour les peuples aborigènes. Il révèle comment ce climat social et politique a rendu la recherche linguistique, largement négligée dans les années 1950 (à quelques notables exceptions près), non seulement possible, mais encore nécessaire dans les années 1970. En dernier lieu, il commente l’état de la recherche sur les langues aborigènes et le climat politique d’aujourd’hui. Jusqu’aux années 1950, les demandes de financement public et l’engagement pour une politique gouvernementale d’assimilation à l’Australie blanche signifiaient que le CMS ne pouvait soutenir la recherche linguistique et les occasions pour les linguistes universitaires de conduire des recherches sur l’anindilyakwa étaient limitées. Dans les années 1960, cependant, le consensus national sur l’avenir des peuples aborigènes et sur leur place dans la nation australienne changea et les gouvernements reconsidérèrent la nature de leur soutien aux missions chrétiennes. Le modèle de la “mission industrielle” des années 50 n’étant plus politiquement et économiquement viable, le CMS chercha à se réinventer lui-même, pour trouver de nouvelles manières de maintenir son influence évangélique sur Groote Eylandt. La linguistique et la recherche sur les cultures aborigènes, y compris en partenariat avec des agents académiques séculiers, fut une composante centrale de cette réinvention de la mission, non seulement pour le CMS, mais plus largement parmi les missions en direction des peuples aborigènes. La collaboration qui en résulta entre organisations s’avéra remarquablement productive, sur le plan de la recherche, et permit la continuation d’une présence missionnaire et de sa pertinence. Les limitations politiques et financières rencontrées par les missions conditionnèrent, par suite, non seulement leur propre pratique au regard de la recherche linguistique, mais aussi les opportunités offertes aux linguistes au delà du champ missionnaire. L’article conclut qu’en Australie les deux catégories de linguistes, universitaires et missionnaires, ont une histoire en commun, dépendant de forces politiques, sociales et fiancières identiques.
Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag untersucht die Art und Weise, wie lokale Missionstätigkeit und nationale Politik die linguistische Forschungsarbeit in Australien um die Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts prägten. Als Beispiel dient die Angurugu Mission der Church Missionary Society (CMS) auf Groote Eylandt im Nördlichen Territorium und die Erforschung der Sprache der Anindilyakwa. Der Aufsatz stellt die Missionslinguistik in den Kontext einer allgemeineren Politik der Assimilation und nationaler Visionen für Aboriginals. Er zeigt auf, wie dieses gesellschaftliche und politische Klima linguistische Forschung, die, von einigen bemerkenswerten Ausnahmen abgesehen, in den 1950 Jahren vernachlässigt worden war, nicht nur ermöglichte, sondern mit dem Erreichen der siebziger Jahre notwendig machte. Und schließlich kommentiert er die Forschung zu den Sprachen der Aborgines sowie das politische Klima in ihrem aktuellen Stand. Bis zu den fünziger Jahren hatten die Erfordernisse der Finanzierung und des Bekenntnisses zu einer Regierungspolitik der Assimilation in das weiße Australien zur Folge, dass der CMS linguistische Forschung nicht unterstützen konnte, und die Möglichkeiten für wissenschaftlich geschulte Linguisten, Forschung zum Anindilyakwa durchzuführen, waren begrenzt. Mit Beginn der sechziger Jahre hatte sich jedoch der nationale Konsens hinsichtlich der Zukunft der Aborigines und ihres Platzes in der australischen Nation geändert und die Regierungen dachten erneut über ihre Art der Unterstützung für die christliche Mission nach. Da das Modell einer ‘industriellen Mission’ der fünziger Jahre politisch oder ökonomisch nicht mehr praktikabel war, begann der CMS, sich neu zu definieren, neue Wege zu entdecken, den Einfluss seiner Mission auf Groote Eylandt aufrechtzuerhalten. Linguistik und Forschung zur Kultur der Aborigines – auch in Zusammenarbeit mit weltlichen wissenschaftlichen Akteuren – gehörten zum Kernbestand dieser Neudefinition der Missionstätigkeit, nicht nur des CMS, sondern auch anderer Organisationen, die die Missionierung der Aborigines zum Ziel hatten. Die daraus resultierende Zusammenarbeit über verschiedene Organisationen hinweg erwies sich aus der Forschungsperspektive als überaus produktiv und ermöglichte die Aufrechterhaltung der Präsenz und Bedeutung der Mission. Die politischen und finanziellen Grenzen, denen sich die die Mission ausgesetzt sah, prägten daher nicht nur ihre eigene linguistische Forschungspraxis, sondern auch die Möglichkeiten für Linguisten jenseits der Missionsgemeinden. Der Beitrag endet mit der Feststellung, dass die beiden Gruppen von Linguisten – Wissenschaftler und Missionare – eine gemeinsame Geschichte haben, die von vergleichbaren politischen, gesellschaftllichen und finanziellen Kräften abhängt.
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