Article published In: Missionary Linguistics world-wide: Theory, practice and politics
[Historiographia Linguistica 42:2/3] 2015
► pp. 335–377
Early Descriptions of Pama-Nyungan Ergativity
Published online: 21 January 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.2-3.05sto
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.2-3.05sto
Summary
Ergative marking and function are generally adequately described in the grammars of the small minority of the Aboriginal Australian Pama-Nyungan languages made before 1930. Without the benefit of an inherited descriptive framework in which to place foreign ergative morphosyntax, missionary-grammarians engaged a variety of terminology and descriptive practices when explaining foreign ergative structures exhibited by this vast genetic subgroup of languages spoken in an area larger than Europe. Some of the terminology had been previously employed in descriptions of other ergative languages. Other terms were innovated in Australia. The great distances separating missionary-grammarians describing different Pama-Nyungan languages, and the absence of a coordinating body fostering Australian grammatical description, meant that grammars were produced in geographic and intellectual isolation from one another. Regional schools of descriptive influence are however apparent, the strongest of which originates in grammars written by Lutheran missionaries of the ‘Adelaide School’. The synchronic descriptions of Pama-Nyungan languages made by missionary-grammarians in Australia informed the development of linguistics in Europe. There is however, little evidence of the movement of linguistic ideas from Europe back into Australia. The term ‘ergative’ to designate the case marking the agent of a transitive verb and the concept of an absolutive case became established practice in the modern era of Australian grammatical description without recognizing that the same terminology and concept of syntactic case had previously been employed in descriptions of Pama-Nyungan languages written in German. The genesis of the term ‘ergative’ originates in the description of Australian Pama-Nyungan case systems.
Résumé
Le marquage et la fonction de l’ergatif sont en général convenablement décrits dans les grammaires de la petite minorité des langues aborigènes Pama-Nyungan d’Australie écrites avant 1930. Sans l’avantage d’un cadre descriptif hérité dans lequel situer la morphosyntaxe ergative étrangère, des grammairiens-missionnaires utilisèrent une variété de terminologies et de pratiques descriptives en expliquant les structures ergatives étrangères manifestées par ce vaste sous-groupe génétique de langues parlées dans une zone plus étendue que l’Europe. Une partie de la terminologie fut précédemment employée dans les descriptions d’autres langues ergatives. D’autres termes furent créés en Australie. A cause des grandes distances séparant les grammairiens-missionnaires qui décrivèrent les différentes langues Pama-Nyungan et de l’absence d’un organisme de coordination favorisant la description grammaticale australienne, les grammaires furent produites chacune dans l’isolement géographique et intellectuel. Des écoles régionales d’influence descriptive sont cependant apparentes, les plus fortes apparaissant dans des grammaires écrites par des missionnaires Luthériens de ‘l’École d’Adelaïde’ Les descriptions synchroniques de langues Pama-Nyungan faites par des grammairiens-missionnaires en Australie contribuèrent au développement de la linguistique en Europe. Il y a cependant peu de preuves du mouvement d’idées linguistiques allant d’Europe vers l’Australie. L’emploi du terme ‘ergatif ’ pour désigner le cas marquant l’agent d’un verbe transitif et la conception d’un cas absolutif devinrent une pratique établie dans l’ère moderne de la description grammaticale australienne, sans qu’il fût reconnu que la même terminologie et la conception du cas syntaxique furent précédemment employées dans les descriptions de langues Pama-Nyungan rédigées en allemand. Le terme ‘ergatif ’ prend origine dans la description de systèmes casuels Pama-Nyungan australiens.
Zusammenfassung
Die Markierung und die Funktion des Ergativs wurden in den vor 1930 angefertigten Grammatiken der Pama-Nyungan-Sprachen der australischen Eingeborenen auf eine kohärente Art und Weise beschrieben. Obwohl die Missionar-Grammatiker über keinen etablierten Rahmen für die Beschreibung der fremden Morphosyntax verfügten, haben sie verschiedene Begriffe und Konzepte benutzt, um die Struktur des Ergativs in dieser großen Sprachgruppe zu erklären. Dabei übernahmen sie bestimmte Begriffe aus bereits vorhandenen Beschreibungen anderer Ergativsprachen. Andere Begriffe wurden erstmals für die Pama-Nyungan-Sprachen geprägt. Nicht nur die große Entfernung, welche die Missionare in einem Gebiet größer als Europa trennte, sondern auch das Fehlen einer Institution, welche die Beschreibung der Sprachen koordinierte, hatten zur Folge, dass die Grammatiken in geographischer und intellektueller Isolation angefertigt wurden. Regionale Zusammenarbeit ist in den grammatischen Beschreibungen aber durchaus bemerkbar, insbesondere in den Grammatiken der Lutherischen Missionare der sogenannten ‘Adelaide-Schule’. Die synchronischen Beschreibungen der Pama-Nyungan-Sprachen der Missionare beeinflussten die Entwicklung der Grammatik in Europa nachhaltig. Dagegen sind die Entwicklungen in der europäischen Linguistik nicht weiter in Australien bemerkbar. Die Anwendung des Begriffs ‘Ergativ’ zur Bezeichnung des Agens eines transitiven Verbs sowie des Konzepts eines Absolutiv-Kasus wurden in den modernen Beschreibungen australischer Sprachen allgemein übernommen, jedoch ohne Anerkennung der Tatsache, dass die in deutscher Sprache verfassten Beschreibungen der Pama-Nyungan-Sprachen bereits dieselbe Terminologie und dasselbe Konzept syntaktischer Kasus benutzten. Der Begriff ‘Ergativ’ findet seinen Ursprung in der Beschreibung der Kasussysteme australischer Pama-Nyungan-Sprachen.
References (146)
A.
Primary sources
Black, John McConnell. 1920. “Vocabularies of Four South Australian Languages, Adelaide, Narrunga, Kukata, and Narrinyeri, with special reference to their speech sounds”. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 441.76–93.
Bleek, Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel. 1858. “Philology Australia”. The Library of His Excellency Sir George Grey, K.C.B Philology, Australia. Vol. II1 Part I, 1–44. London: Trübner & Co.
Brough Smyth, Robert. 1878. The Aborigines of Victoria: With notes relating to the habits of the natives of other parts of Australia. Vol. II: Language. Melbourne: Government Printer for the Government of Victoria.
. 1956. A New Approach to Australian Languages. (=
Oceania Linguistic Mono graphs 1
.) Sydney: University of Sydney.
Dawes, William. 1790. Grammatical Forms and Vocabularies of Languages Spoken in the Neighbourhood of Sydney. Unpublished ms. Deposited in the Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
Dirr, Adolf. 1912. “Rutulskij Jazyk” [The Rutul Language]. Sbornik Materialov dlya Opisaniya y Plemen Kavkaza (Tbilisi) 421.1–204.
Dixon, Robert M[alcolm] W[ard]. 1972. The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1983. Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a field worker. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
Fabricius, Otho. 1801/1791. Fors⊘g til en Forbedret Gr⊘nlandsk Grammatika. Copenhagen: E. F. Sehnsart.
FitzHerbert, John Aloysius. c.1930. Unpublished untitled ms. Deposited in the Barr Smith Library Rare Books and Special Collections, University of Adelaide. Record number FitzHerbert Papers 499.6F555.
Flierl, Johann. 1880. Dieri Grammatik [Comparative grammar of Diyari and Wangkangurru]. Unpublished ms. Deposited in the Lutheran Archives, Adelaide. Box 22 Immanuel Synod – Bethesda Mission, Record number 306.510.
Fraser, John, ed. 1892. An Australian Language as Spoken by the Awabakal, the People of Awaba, or Lake Macquarie (near Newcastle New South Wales): Being an account of their language, traditions and customs, by L. E. Threlkeld; rearranged, condensed and edited with an appendix by John Fraser. Sydney: Charles Potter Government Printer.
Gabelentz, Georg von der. 1891. Die Sprachwissenschaft, ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und Bisherigen Ergebnisse. Tübingen: Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik.
Gabelentz, Hans Conan von der. 1861. “Über das Passivum: Eine sprachvergleichende Abhandlung”. Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Classe der Königlich-Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 81.449–546.
Gatti, Giovanni. 1930. La Lingua Dieri: Contributo alla conoscenza delle lingue Australiane [The Dieri Language: Contribution to the knowledge of Australian languages]. Roma: Scuola Salesiana del libro.
Günther, James W[ilhelm]. 1838. The Native Dialect Wirradhurri Spoken in the Wellington District. Unpublished ms. Deposited in State Library of New South Wales, Mitchell library. Record number C 136.
Günther, James W. 1840. Lecture on the Aborigines of Australia and Papers on the Wirradhurrei Dialect 1837–1840. Unpublished ms. Deposited in State Library of New South Wales, Mitchell library [Wiradjuri grammar pp: 337–379]. Record number C 136.B 505.
1892. “Grammar and Vocabulary of the Wiradhari Dialect in New South Wales”. Fraser, ed. 1892, Part IV, 56–120.
Hagenauer, Friedrich August. 1878. “Language of the Natives of the Pine Plain Tribe, North Wimmera, and Generally Understood in the Western District, the Loddon and Swan Hill”. Brough Smyth ed. 1878, 24–39.
Hale, Horatio. 1846. “The languages of Australia”. Ethnology and Philology, Vol. VI of Reports of the United States Exploring Expedition 1838–1842. Philadelphia: Lee and Blanchard.
Hercus, Luise A[nna]. 1969. The Languages of Victoria: A late survey in two parts. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Hey, Nikolaus Johann. 1903. An Elementary Grammar of the Nggerikudi Language. Brisbane: Government Printer.
Holmer, Nils M[agnus]. 1963. On the History and Structure of the Australian Languages. Sweden: Lundequistska Upsala.
Holmer, Nils M. 1966. An Attempt Towards a Comparative Grammar of Two Australian Languages. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
1971. Notes on the Bandjalang Dialect Spoken at Coraki and Bungawalbin Creek, N.S.W. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Jakobson, Roman Osipovich. 1936 “Beitrag zur Allgemeinen Kasuslehre: Gesamtbedeutungen der russischen Kasus”. (Repr. in Selected writings vol. II: Word and language by R. Jakobson, 23–71. The Hague: Mouton 1971.)
Kempe, Friedrich Adolf Hermann. 1891. “A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language Spoken by the Aborigines of the Macdonnell Ranges, South Australia”. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 141.1–54.
Koch, Wilhelm & Ernst Homann. 1868. Untitled [Diari Grammatik (Diyari Grammar)]. Unpublished ms. Deposited in the Barr Smith Library Rare Books and Special Collections, University of Adelaide. Record number FitzHerbert Papers 499.6 F555p Item 10.
Livingstone, Hugh. 1892. “Grammar and Vocabulary of the Minyung Dialect”. Fraser, ed. 1892, Part IV, 3–27.
Mathews, R[obert] H[amilton]. 1903. “Languages of the Kamilaroi and other Aboriginal Tribes of New South Wales”. Journal of the Anthropological Institute 331.259–283.
Mathews, R. H. 1904. “The Wiradyuri and Other Languages of New South Wales”. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 341.224–305.
1907. “The Arran’da Language, Central Australia”. The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 461.322–339.
Meyer, Heinrich August Eduard. 1843. Vocabulary of the Language Spoken by the Aborigines of the Southern Portions of the Settled Districts of South Australia, … Preceded by a Grammar. Adelaide: James Allen.
Moorhouse, Matthew. 1846. A Vocabulary and Outline of the Grammatical Structure of the Murray River Language Spoken by the Natives of South Australia from Wellington on the Murray, as Far as the Rufus. Adelaide: Andrew Murray.
. 1882. Grundriß der Sprachwissenschaft. Vol. II: Die Sprachen der Schlichthaarigen Rassen. Part 1: Die Sprachen der Australischen, der Hyperboreischen und der Amerikanischen Rasse. Vienna: Hölder.
Planert, Wilhelm. 1907a. “Australische Forschungen I. Aranda-Grammatik
”. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 391.561–566.
Ray, Sidney H[erbert]. 1907. Linguistics. Vol. 3: Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits 61 vols. 1901–1935 ed. by Alfred C. Haddon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ray, Sidney H. & Alfred Cort Haddon. 1893. A Study of the Languages of Torres Straits, with Vocabularies and Grammatical Notes: Part I. Dublin: Dublin University Press.
Reuther, Johann G. 1894. Dieri Grammar and Dictionary. Unpublished ms. Deposited in the Lutheran Archives, Adelaide. Box 22 Immanuel Synod–Bethesda Mission, Record number 306.510.
Reuther, Johann Georg. 1899–1901. The Reuther Manuscript Part A Vol. V. Unpublished ms. Deposited in the South Australian Museum Anthropological Archives, Adelaide. Record number AA266. (Repr. as transl. on microfiche Three Central Australian Grammars. Diari Wonkanguru Jandruwanta by Luise Hercus & Theodora Schwarzschild. ed. by Hercus & Breen. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1981).
Ridley, William. 1856. “Kamilaroi Tribe of Australians and their Dialect, in a letter to Dr. Hodgkin
”. Journal of the Ethnological Society of London 41.285–293.
. 1866. Kamilaroi, Dippil and Turrubul: Languages Spoken by Australian Aborigines. New South Wales. Sydney: Government Printer.
Riedel, Johannes. 1931 [no date].
no title
[Grammar of Aranda (Arrernte) copied by E. Kramer]. Unpublished ms, 87–112, 6, 8, 10. Deposited in the South Australian Museum Anthropological Archives, Adelaide. Record number AA 669/2/1-5.
Roth, Walter E[dmund]. 1897. Ethnological Studies Among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines. Brisbane: Government Printer.
Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1902. “Die Sprachlichen Verhältnisse von Deutsch-Neuguinea [Part 2]”. Zeitschrift für afrikanische, ozeanische und ostasiatische Sprachen 61.1–99.
. 1919a. Die Gliederung der Australischen Sprachen: Geographische, Bibliographische, Linguistische Grundzüge der Erforschung der Australischen Sprachen. Wien: Mechitharisten-Buchdruckerei.
Schoknecht, Carl Heinrich Martin. 1947 [1871–1873]. “Grammar of the Language of the Dieri Aborigines” Transl. by J. C. Schoknecht. Missionary Carl Schoknecht, Killalpaninna Mission 1871–1873. South Oakleigh, Vic: A. & C. Schoknecht.
Schürmann, Clamor W[ilhelm]. 1844. A Vocabulary of the Parnkalla Language Spoken by the Natives Inhabiting the Western Shores of Spencer Gulf. To which is prefixed a collection of grammatical rules hitherto ascertained by C. W. Shürmann [sic]. Adelaide: George Dahane.
Schwarz, Georg Heinrich & Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Poland. 1900. Koko Yimidir: Guugu-Yimidhirr Grammatical Notes in German. Unpublished ms. Deposited in the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Islander Studies. Record numbers PMS 2663, PMS 2664.
Smythe, William E. 1978 [1948/1949]. “Bandjalang Grammar”. The Middle Clarence Dialects of Bandjalang ed. by Terry Crowley, 247–478. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Strehlow, Carl F[riedrich] T[heodor]. 1907–1920. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien. Vols. 1–51. Frankfurt am Main: Städtisches Völkerkunde-Museum.
Strehlow, Carl F. T. 1908. “Einige Bemerkungen über die von Dr. Planert auf Grund der Forschungen des Missionars Wettengel veröffentlichte Aranda-Grammatik”. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 401.698–703.
Strehlow, Carl. no date. Untitled [Comparative Grammar of Arrernte and Luritja]. Unpublished ms. Deposited in The Strehlow Research Center. Record number SH–SP–46–47.
. 1931 [c.1907]. Untitled [Grammar of Aranda (Arrernte) copied by E. Kramer]. Unpublished ms, 3, 5, 7, 11–86. Deposited in the South Australian Museum Anthropological Archives, Adelaide. Record number AA 669/2/1-5.
Strehlow, Theodore Georg Heinrich. 1944. Aranda Phonetics and Grammar. (=
Oceania Monographs, 7.) Sydney: The University of Sydney.
Symmons, Charles. 1841. “Grammatical Introduction to the Study of the Aboriginal Language in Western Australia”. Perth: The author. (Repr., Perth: The Western Australian Almanac, 1842.) [= “Grammar of the language spoken by the Aborigines of Western Australia”.]
Taplin, George. 1867. Vocabulary and Grammar of the Languages of the Aborigines who Inhabit the Shores of the Lakes and Lower Murray. Unpublished ms. Deposited in The Barr Smith Library Rare Books and Special Collections, University of Adelaide. Record number 499.6 T17.
. 1872. “Notes on a Comparative Table of Australian Languages”. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 11.84–88.
. 1874. The Narrinyeri: An account of the tribes of South Australian Aborigines inhabiting the country around the Lakes Alexandrina, Albert, and Coorong, and the lower part of the River Murray, their manners and customs, also, An account of the mission at Point Macleay. Adelaide: J. T. Shawyer.
. 1879. “The Narrinyeri”. The Native Tribes of South Australia ed. by J[ames] D. Woods, 1–156. Adelaide: E. S. Wigg & Son.
. 1975 [1870]. “Notes on the Comparative Table of Australian Languages”. In Grimwade, 1975, 120–131.
Teichelmann, Christian Gottlieb & Clamor W. Schürmann. 1840. Outlines of a Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phraseology, of the Aboriginal Language of South Australia, Spoken by the Natives in and for Some Distance around Adelaide. Adelaide: R. Thomas.
Thalbitzer, Carl Wilhelm. 1904. “A Phonetic Study of the Eskimo Language, based on observations made on a journey in north Greenland”. Meddelelser om Gr⊘nland XXXI1.
Threlkeld, Lancelot E[dward]. 1834. An Australian Grammar: Comprehending the principles and natural rules of the language, as spoken by the Aborigines in the vicinity of Hunter’s River, Lake Macquarie, &c., New South Wales. Sydney: Stephens & Stokes.
Tindale, Norman Barnett. 1963. Pitjantjatjara Grammar and Vocabulary. Unpublished ms. Deposited in the South Australian Museum Anthropological Archives, Adelaide. Record number AA333/8/7.
B.
Secondary sources
Andronis, Mary, Christopher Ball, Heidi Elston & Sylvain Neuvel, eds. 2002. CLS The Main Session. Papers from the 37th Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Vol. I1. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
Alpher, Barry, Geoff O’Grady & Claire Bowern. 2008. “Western Torres Strait Language Classification and Development”. Bowen, Evans & Miceli, eds. 2008, 1–15.
Amery, Rob & Jane Simpson. 2013. Kulurdu Marni Ngathaitya! Sounds Good to Me!: A Kaurna Leanrner’s guide. Adelaide: Wakefield Press.
Austin, Peter. 1981. A Grammar of Diyari, South Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Revised and updated as electronic resource, 2013. Retrieved from [URL] of Diyari South Australia.
Baerman, Matthew, Dunstan P. Brown & Greville G. Corbett. 2002. “Case Syncretism in and out of Indo-European”. Andronis, Ball, Elston & Neuvel, eds. 2002, 15–28.
Bannister, Corinne. 2004. A Longitudinal Study of Ngarrinyeri. Unpublished Honours thesis, University of Sydney.
Blake, Barry J. 1977. Case Marking in Australian Languages. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
forthcoming. “Nineteenth-Century Linguists in the South-East: Their cultural legacy”. La Trobe University.
Bowern, Claire & Harold Koch, eds. 2004. Australian languages: Classification and the comparative method. (=
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 249.) Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Bowern, Claire, Bethwyn Evans & Luisa Miceli, eds. 2008. Morphology and Language History: In honour of Harold Koch. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Bowern, Claire & Quentin Atkinson. 2012. “Computational Phylogenetics and the Internal Structure of Pama-Nyungan”. Language 88:4.817–845.
Carey, Hilary M. 2004. “Lancelot Threlkeld & Missionary Linguistics in Australia to 1850”. Missionary Linguistics, 253–276. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
2010. “Lancelot Threlkeld, Biraban, and the Colonial Bible in Australia”. Comparative Studies in Society and History 52:2.447–478.
, ed. 1976. Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Dixon, Robert M. W. & Barry J. Blake, eds. Handbook of Australian languages Vol. 11. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Douglas, Wilfred H. 1968. “The Aboriginal Languages of the South-West of Australia”. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Dutton, Tom, Malcolm Ross & Darrell Tryon, eds. 1992. The Language Game: Papers in memory of Donald C. Laycock. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Goddard, Cliff. 1982. “Case Systems and Case Marking in Australian Languages: A new interpretation”. Australian Journal of Linguistics 21:2.167–196.
Grimwade, Gordon. 1975. “George Taplin and his Work on Aboriginal Languages”. Yallop, ed. 1975, 111–145.
Harris, John W. 1990. One Blood. 200 Years of Aboriginal Encounter with Christianity: A story of hope. Sutherland: Albatross.
Hercus, Luise A. 1999. “A Grammar of the Wirangu Language from the West Coast of South Australia”. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Iggesen, Oliver A. 2013a. “Asymmetrical Case-Marking”. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Consulted 27 April 2015.
Kenny, Anna. 2013. The Aranda’s Pepa: An introduction to Carl Strehlow’s masterpiece, Die Aranda-und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral Australien (1907–1920). Canberra: Australian National University.
Koch, Harold. 2008. “R. H. Mathews’ Schema for the Description of Australian Languages”. McGregor, ed. 2008, 179–218.
. 2014. “Historical Relations Among the Australian Languages: Genetic classification and contact-based diffusion”. Koch & Nordlinger, eds. 2014, 23–89.
Koch, Harold & Rachel Nordlinger, eds. 2014. The Languages and Linguistics of Australia: A comprehensive guide. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lindner, Thomas. 2013. “Komposition”. Indogermanische Grammatik. Vol. IV1, ed. by Thomas Lindner, Lieferung 3. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
. 2014. “‘Ergative Historiography’ Revisited”. Historiographia Linguistica 41:1.188–192.
. 2015. “Komposition”. Indogermanische Grammatik ed. by Thomas Lindner, Lieferung 4 225–300. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Manaster-Ramer, Alexis. 1994. “The Origin of the Term ‘Ergative’”. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 47:3.211–214.
McDonald, Maryalyce. 2002. A Study of the Phonetics and Phonology of the Yaraldi and Associated Dialects. Munich: Lincom Europa.
McGregor, William B., ed. 2008. Encountering Aboriginal Languages: Studies in the history of Australian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
2008b. “Missionary Linguistics in the Kimberley, Western Australia: A history of the first seventy years”. Historiographia Linguistica 35:1/2.121–162.
Nordlinger, Rachel. 2014. “Constituency and Grammatical Relations in Australian Languages”. Koch & Nordlinger, eds. 2014, 215–262.
O’Grady, Geoff & Kenneth L. Hale. 2004. “The Coherence and Distinctiveness of the Pama-Nyungan Language Family within the Australian Linguistic Phylum”. Bowern & Koch, eds. 2004, 69–92.
Redard, Georges, ed. 1954. Sprachgeschichte und Wortbedeutung: Festschrift Albrecht Debrunner, gewidmet von Schülern, Freunden und Kollegen. Bern: Francke.
Regamey, Constantin. 1954. “A Propos de la Construction Ergative en Indo-aryen Modern Sprachgeschichte und Wortbedeutung”. Redard, ed. 1954, 363–381.
Rouse, Sandra & Anita Herle, eds. 1998. Cambridge and the Torres Strait: Centenary essays on the 1898 Anthropological Expedition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schnukal, Anna. 1998. “At the Australian-Papuan Linguistic Boundary: Sidney Ray’s classification of Torres Strait languages”. Rouse & Herle, eds. 1998, 181–200.
Seely, Jonathan. 1977. “An Ergative Historiography”. Historiographia Linguistica 41.191–206.
Silverstein, Michael. 1972. “Chinook Jargon: Language contact and the problem of multi-level generative systems”. Language 481.378–406, 596–625.
Simpson, Jane. 1992. “Notes on a Manuscript Dictionary of Kaurna”. Dutton, Ross & Tryon, eds. 1992, 409–415.
Simpson, Jane, Robert Amery & Mary-Anne Gale. 2008. “I could have saved you linguists a lot of time and trouble: 180 years of research and documentation of South Australia’s indigenous languages, 1826–2006”. McGregor, ed. 2008, 339–382.
Spier, Leslie, A. Irving Hallowell & Stanley S. Newman. eds. 1941. Language, Culture, and Personality: Essays in memory of Edward Sapir. Menasha,Wis.: Sapir Memorial Publication Fund.
Stockigt, Clara. In preparation. “‘The peculiar nature of the language spoken’: A comparative study of historical records of Pama-Nyungan morphosyntax”. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, The University of Adelaide.
Thieberger, Nicholas. 2004. “Linguistic Report on the Single Noongar Native Title Claim”. [URL]
Vollmann, Ralf. 2008. Descriptions of Tibetan Ergativity: A historiographical account. Graz: Leykam.
Wafer, James & Hilary Carey. 2011. “Waiting for Biraban: Lancelot Threlkeld and the ‘Chibcha Phenomenon’ in Australian missionary linguistics”. Language and History 54:2.112–139.
Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1941 [1939]. “The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language”. Spier, Hallowell & Newman, eds. 1941, 75–93.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
McElvenny, James & Gerhard Rüdiger
2025. Linguistic description between Kleinstaaterei and the Word of God. Historiographia Linguistica
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 10 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
