Article published In: Missionary Linguistics world-wide: Theory, practice and politics
[Historiographia Linguistica 42:2/3] 2015
► pp. 261–313
The Chamorro Verb according to Diego Luis de Sanvitores (1627–1672)
Published online: 21 January 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.2-3.03win
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.2-3.03win
Summary
In 1668, enroute from Mexico to the Mariana islands, Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores, S.J. (1627–1672) wrote a description of Chamorro, assisted by a Filipino who had lived on the islands for 17 years. This ‘grammar’ has never been studied, primarily because it was written in Latin in a complicated style and because it has received unjustified criticism for applying Latin case names to a language without case. However, a thorough analysis of this treatise is of great historical interest, for several reasons. In the paper the author, after offering a sketch of the origin of Sanvitores’ mission and some details about the manuscript, places the text in its historical context and discusses its reception. After a description of the general structure the focus is on the main part of the grammar, the section treating the verb. It is shown that Sanvitores has, overall, an accurate understanding of the Chamorro verb, including its tense-less structure, the central role of the root, the pragmatic effect of affixes, and antipassive and ergative constructions. Sanvitores also takes a clear stand with regard to the current debate about word classes in Chamorro. The analysis demonstrates that Sanvitores did not stick to Nebrija’s grammatical template, but rather tapped concepts and terminology from contemporary sources known as the Grammaticae Proverbiandi. Furthermore, the article attends to changes in forms and meanings of Chamorro words and closely analyzes Sanvitores’ dissection of the roots and affixes for clues to help us understand the language’s complex system of affixation, which even today is still not fully understood.
Résumé
En 1668, en allant du Mexique aux îles Mariannes, le Père Diego Luis de Sanvitores, s.j. (1627–1672), écrivit une description du chamorro, avec l’aide d’un Philippin, qui avait vécu 17 ans dans les îles. Cette ‘grammaire’ n’a jamais été étudiée, en premier lieu parce qu’elle était écrite en latin dans un style compliqué et parce qu’elle reçut une critique injustifiée du fait qu’elle applique les noms des cas latins à une langue sans cas. Cependant, une analyse minutieuse de ce traité est d’un grand intérêt historique, pour plusieurs raisons. Dans cet article, l’auteur, après avoir donné un aperçu sur l’origine de la mission de Sanvitores et quelques détails sur le manuscrit, replace le texte dans son contexte historique et traite de sa réception. Après une description de la structure générale de la grammaire, l’accent est mis sur sa partie principale, la section traitant du verbe. On montre que Sanvitores a, surtout, une compréhension exacte du verbe en chamorro, y compris de sa structure sans temps, du rôle central de la racine, de l’effet pragmatique des affixes et des constructions antipassive et ergative. Sanvitores prend également une position claire, s’agissant du débat actuel sur les classes de mots en chamorro. L’analyse montre que Sanvitores ne s’est pas accroché au cadre grammatical de Nebrija, mais a plutôt tiré des concepts et de la terminologie de sources contemporaines connues sous le nom de Grammaticae Proverbiandi. De plus, l’article prête attention aux changements de forme et de sens des mots du chamorro et analyse de près la dissection que Sanvitores fait des racines et des affixes, à la recherche d’indices nous aidant à comprendre le système complexe d’affixation de cette langue, qui, même aujourd’hui, n’est pas encore complètement compris.
Zusammenfassung
Im Jahr 1668, auf dem Weg von Mexico zu den Mariana Inseln, verfasste Pater Diego Luis de Sanvitores, S.J. (1627–1672), eine Beschreibung der Chamorro-Sprache. Ein Filipino, der 17 Jahre auf den Inseln gelebt hatte, half ihm dabei. Diese ‘Grammatik’ ist nie untersucht worden, vor allem deshalb, weil sie in einem komplizierten Stil auf Latein geschrieben war und (zu Unrecht) dafür kritisiert wurde, lateinische Kasusbezeichnungen für eine Sprache ohne Kasus zu verwenden. Eine gründliche Analyse dieses Werks ist jedoch aus verschiedenen Gründen von großem historischen Interesse. Der Autor des vorliegenden Artikels skizziert zunächst den Hintergrund von Sanvitores Mission und einige Details des Manuskripts, verortet den Text anschließend in seinem historischen Kontext und erläutert seine Rezeption. Nach einer Beschreibung der allgemeinen Struktur des Textes konzentriert er sich auf den Hauptteil der Grammatik, die Behandlung des Verbs. Es wird gezeigt, dass Sanvitores’ Verständnis des Chamorro-Verbs insgesamt zutrifft, einschließlich seiner tempuslosen Struktur, der zentralen Rolle der Wurzeln, der pragmatischen Wirkung der Affixe und der antipassiven und ergativen Konstruktionen. Sanvitores bezieht auch eine klare Stellung in der aktuellen Diskussion über Wortklassen des Chamorro. Die Analyse weist nach, dass Sanvitores nicht Nebrijas Vorlage kopierte, sondern Konzepte und Terminologie aus zeitgenössischen Quellen nutzte, bekannt als Grammaticae Proverbiandi. Darüber hinaus richtet der vorliegende Artikel den Blick auf Veränderungen von Wörtern des Chamorro in Form und Bedeutung und untersucht detailliert Sanvitores Analyse der Wurzeln und Affixe auf Hinweise, die uns helfen, das komplexe System der Affigierung des Chamorro zu verstehen, das selbst heute noch nicht vollständig geklärt ist.
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