Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 41:2/3 (2014) ► pp.323–353
The Qing Tradition and the Return of Manchu Lexicography to China (1970s–1990s)
The example of alphabetical order
Published online: 10 November 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.2-3.05sod
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.2-3.05sod
Summary
In Qing China (1644–1911), many bilingual dictionaries of Manchu and Chinese were compiled to serve the needs of a multilingual empire. They were largely forgotten in the 20th century. In the 1970s, government initiatives to organize and research the historical heritage meant greater interaction with the Manchu language of the millions of Qing administrative documents still extant. Several projects to compile Manchu-Chinese dictionaries were thus undertaken, leading to the simultaneous publication of several titles in the early 1990s. The new Manchu dictionaries appealed to the Qing lexicographical tradition in their arrangement. By comparing the organization of two recent Manchu dictionaries, compiled respectively by An Shuangcheng (b.1942) and Hu Zengyi (b.1936), two scholars based in Beijing, this paper reveals that although no one pointed it out, the allegedly traditional arrangement in fact differed substantially between dictionaries.
Résumé
En Chine sous les Qing (1644–1911), des dictionnaires bilingues Mandchou-Chinois furent produits en grand nombre, afin de servir les besoins d’un empire multilingue. Ils furent largement oubliés au XXe siècle. Dans les années 1970, des initiatives du part du gouvernement pour organiser et recherches le patrimoine historique menèrent à une plus grande interaction avec les millions de documents administratifs en langue Mandchoue encore existantes. Plusieurs projets de compilation des dictionnaires Mandchou-Chinois furent alors entrepris, menant à la publication simultanée de plusieurs titres au début des années 1990. Les nouveaux dictionnaires Mandchous, à travers leur organisation, faisaient appel à la tradition des Qing. En comparant l’organisation de deux dictionnaires Mandchous récents, produits par An Shuangcheng (né en 1942) et Hu Zengyi (né en 1936), deux savants travaillant à Pékin, le présent mémoire montre, que, même que personne n’apparaît de s’en être aperçu, la soi-disante organisation traditionnelle en réalité différait beaucoup entre les dictionnaires.
Zusammenfassung
Während der Qing-Zeit (1644–1911) wurden mehrere zweisprachige Mandschurisch–Chinesische Wörterbücher erstellt, um den Bedürfnissen eines mehrsprachigen Reiches entgegenzukommen. Im 20. Jahrhundert sind sie zum großen Teil vergessen worden. In den 70er Jahren gab es jedoch mehrere Regierungsinitiativen mit dem Ziel, das historische Erbe zu organisieren und zu erforschen, was dank der noch reichlich vorhandenen Verwaltungsdokumente auch zu einer erneuten Auseinandersetzung mit der mandschurischen Sprache geführt hat. So sind mehrere Projekte eingeleitet worden, Mandschurisch–Chinesische Wörterbücher zu erstellen, und in der Folge erschienen in den frühen 1990er Jahren zahlreiche einschlägige Titel. Die in neuerer Zeit erschienenen mandschurischen Wörterbücher, die von den zwei in Beijing lebenden Gelehrten An Shuangcheng (*1942) und Hu Zengyi (*1936) verfasst wurden, wurden nach der lexikographischen Tradition der Qing-Zeit organisiert. Aus einem Vergleich geht jedoch hervor, dass dieses angeblich traditionelle Organisierungsprinzip von einem Wörterbuch zum anderen erheblich variiert.
References (45)
An Shuangcheng 安双成. 1993. Man-Han da cidian 满汉大辞典 [Unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary]. In collaboration with Ren Shize 任世择, Qu Liusheng 屈六生, and Li Zhenfu 栗振复. Shenyang: Liaoning Minzu chubanshe.
. 1996. “Manwen shier zitou wo jian” 满文十二字头我见 [My views on the Manchu twelve heads]”. Manzu lishi yu wenhua ed. by Wang Zhonghan, 233–243. Beijing: Zhongyang Minzu Daxue chubanshe.
Chunhua 春花. 2008. Qingdai Man-Mengwen cidian yanjiu 清代满蒙文词典研究 [Research on Manchu- and Mongol-language dictionaries of the Qing period]. Shenyang: Liaoning Minzu chubanshe.
DeMaria, Robert. 2000. “Worcester, Joseph Emerson”. American National Biography Online [URL]. Accessed 28 Oct. 2013.
Fengshen Gong’e 丰申巩额. 1995. “Man-Han da cidian de bianzuan jiqi xueshu jiazhi” 《满汉大辞典》的编纂及其学术价值 [The compilation of the Comprehensive Manchu-Chinese dictionary and its scholarly value]”. Qingshi yanjiu, no. 31.111–115.
Fu-heng 傅恒, ed. 1983. Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian 御製增訂清文鑑 Han-i araha nonggime toktobuha manju gisun-i buleku bithe [Imperially commissioned mirror of the Manchu language, expanded and emended]. (= Vols. 232/233 of Yingyin Wenyuan ge Siku quanshu, facsimile of a manuscript from 1782.) Taibei: Taiwan Shangwu yinshu guan.
, ed. 2005. Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian 御製增訂清文鑑 Han-i araha nonggime toktobuha manju gisun-i buleku bithe [Imperially commissioned mirror of the Manchu language, expanded and emended]. Facsimile of the 1778 Siku quanshu huiyao manuscript
. Changchun: Jilin chuban jituan.
Gong Li 工力. 1994. “Man-Han da cidian 满汉大辞典 [
Unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary
]”. Manzu yanjiu 1.95.
Hayata Teruhiro 早田輝洋 and Teramura Masao 寺村政男, eds. 2004. Daishin zensho: Zōho kaitei, tsuketari Manshūgo, Kango sakuin 大清全書:增補改訂・附満洲語漢語索引 [Expanded and emended edition of Da-Qing quanshu, with appended Manchu and Chinese indexes]. 31 vols. Fuchū: Tōkyō Gaikokugo Daigaku Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo.
Hu Zengyi 胡增益, ed. 1994. Xin Man-Han da cidian 新满汉大词典 [New unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary]. In collaboration with Li Shulan 李树兰, Wang Qingfeng 王庆丰, Qi Cheshan 奇车山, Zhong Qian 仲谦, Yang Zhenyuan 杨震远, Na-xun-ba-tu 那逊巴图, and Guan Shanbao 关善保. Urumqi: Xinjiang Renmin chubanshe.
. 1995. “
Xin Man-Han da cidian bianxie de zhuyao yuanze he fangfa” 《新满汉大词典》编写的主要原则和方法 [The method and main principles used in the compilation of the New unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary
]. Beijing shehui kexue 11.113–117, 121.
. 1997. “Man-Tonggusiyu cishu gaishuo 满-通古斯语辞书概说 [Outline of Manchu-Tungus lexicography]”. Cishu yanjiu 41.102–116.
Janhunen, Juha. 2003. “Written Mongol”. The Mongolic Languages ed. by Juha Janhunen, 30–56. London: Routledge.
Ji Yonghai 季永海. 1982. “Manwen cishu shihua 满文辞书史话 [Comments on the history of Manchu lexicography]”. Cishu yanjiu 21.148–156.
Jin Baosen 金宝森. 1995. “Ping Man-Han da cidian
评《满汉大辞典》 [Review of the Unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary
]”. Manzu yanjiu 41.77–79.
Kara, György. 1996. “Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages”. The World’s Writing Systems ed. by Peter T. Daniels & William Bright, 536–558. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kubo Tomoyuki 久保智之. 1999. “U Zōeki shuhen Shin Man-Kan daijiten ice manju nikan gisun kamcibuha buleku bithe
(shohyō) 胡増益主編『新満漢大辞典 ice manju nikan gisun kamcibuha buleku bithe 』《書評》 [Hu Zengyi’s New unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary (review)]”. Manzokushi kenkyū tsūshin 31.119–126.
Langlès, Louis Mathieu. 1807. Alphabet mantchou, rédigé d’après le Syllabaire et le Dictionnaire universel de cette langue. Paris: Imprimerie impériale.
Li Deqi 李德啓, ed. 1933. Guoli Beiping Tushuguan, Gugong Bowuyuan Tushuguan Manwen shuji lianhe mulu 國立北平圖書館、故宮博物院圖書館滿文書籍聯合目錄 [Union catalog of Manchu books in National Beiping Library and the National Palace Museum Library]. Beijing: Guoli Beiping Tushuguan ji Gugong Bowuyuan Tushuguan.
Li Qing 黎青. 1994. “Manxue yanjiu de xin chengguo: Man-Han da cidian pingjia 满学研究的新成果——《满汉大辞典》评价 [New achievements in Manchu studies: A review of the Unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary
]”. Lishi dang’an 41.130–132.
Li Yanji 李延基. 2001 [1724]. Qingwen huishu 清文彙書 Manju isabuha bithe [Manchu collected]. Facsimile of xylograph, which in turn was reprint of an edition of unknown date. (=
Gugong zhenben congkan, 719.) Haikou: Hainan chubanshe.
Liaoning Daxue Lishi Xi 辽宁大学历史系. 1978. Chongyi Manwen laodang 重译满文老档 [New translation of the the old Manchu archives]. Qing chu shiliao congkan. Liaoning Daxue Lishi Xi.
Ligeti, Louis [Lajos]. 1952. “À propos de l’écriture mandchoue”. Acta Orientalia Academiæ Scientarum Hungaricæ 21.235–302.
Liu Housheng 刘厚生. 1988. Jianming Man-Han cidian 简明满汉辞典 [Concise Manchu-Chinese dictionary]. Redacted by Wang Zhonghan 王钟翰. Kaifeng: Henan Daxue chubanshe.
Liu Jingxian 刘景宪 and Zhao Aping 赵阿平. 1997. “Manyu yinjie pindu xianxiang he fuhe yuanyin de chansheng 满语音节拼读现象和复合元音的产生 [The formation of Manchu syllables and the appearance of composite vowels]”. Minzu yuwen 51.60–65.
Maci & Margan. 1708. Han-i araha manju gisun-i buleku bithe: Uheri hešen [Imperially commissioned mirror of the Manchu language: Index]. Xylograph. 21 vols. Held at the National Palace Museum Library, Taipei with the call number 故 滿 002481-82. Beijing: Wuying Dian.
Möllendorff, Paul Georg von. 1892. A Manchu Grammar: With analysed texts. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Press.
Norman, Jerry. 2007. “Is Manchu an Altaic Language?”. Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Manchu Studies (Portland, Oregon, 9–10 May 2003): Volume II1: Studies in Manchu Linguistics ed. by Stephen Wadley, Carsten Naeher, & Keith Dede, 9–20. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
. 2013. A Comprehensive Manchu-English Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.
Qi Cheshan 奇车山. 1992. “Guan yu Xibowen zimu 关于锡伯文字母 [On the Sibe letters]”. Yuyan yu fanyi 11.52–55.
Seo ping 壽平. 1730. Qingwen qimeng 清文啟蒙 Cing wen ki meng bithe [Qing language primer]. Xylograph. Beijing: Sanhuai Tang.
Shen Qiliang 沈啟亮. 2008. Da-Qing quanshu 大清全書 Daicing gurun-i yooni bithe [Complete book of the Great Qing]. Facsimile of xylograph originally published in 1683. Shenyang: Liaoning Minzu chubanshe.
Shu Lan 舒兰. 1994. “
Xin Man-Han da cidian jijiang chuban 《新满汉大词典》即将出版 [
New unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary will soon be published]”. Zhongguo yuwen 4.320.
Sŏng Paegin 成百仁 [성백인]. 1999 [1986]. “Ch’ogi Manjuŏ sajŏn dŭr e taehayŏ 初期滿洲語辭 典 [On the early Manchu dictionaries]”. Manjuŏ wa Alt’aiŏhak yŏn’gu, 191–238. Seoul: T’aehaksa.
Tsumagari Toshirō 津曲敏郎. 1994. “Shohyō: Manshūgogaku kara mita Man-Kan daijiten
<書評>満洲語学から見た『満漢大辞典』 [Review: The Unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary as viewed from Manchu linguistics]”. Manzokushi kenkyū tsūshin 41:96–99.
Xue Li 雪梨. 1994. “
Xin Man-Han da cidian jianjie 《新满汉大词典》简介 [Brief presentation of the New Unabridged Manchu-Chinese Dictionary
]”. Minzu yuwen 51.72–73.
Yan Chongnian 阎崇年. 1995. “Nian zai xinxue, Manxue shuoguo: Xin Man-Han da cidian yantao hui jiyao 廿载心血,满学硕果 —— 《新满汉大词典》研讨会纪要 [Twenty years of painstaking effort, a great achievement of Manchu studies: Minutes from a symposium on the New unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary
]”. Beijing shehui kexue 11.118–121.
Yong Baishou 永柏寿. 1992. “Xibowen a wuzhu (a zitou) shuxing qianyi 锡伯文“阿吾珠”(阿字头)属性浅议 [Cursory discussion on the attributes of the a uju (the a character head) in Sibe]”. Yuyan yu fanyi 11.56–57.
Yuzhi wuti Qingwen jian 御製五體清文鑑 [Imperially commissioned five-bodied mirror of the Manchu language]. Facsimile of late 18th-century original. Beijing: Minzu chubanshu, 1957.
Zha-lu-a 扎鲁阿 and Ge-tu-ken 格吐肯, eds. 1994. Man-Han cidian 满汉辞典 Manju nikan gisun buleku bithe [Manchu-Chinese dictionary]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Renmin chubanshe.
Zhang Tao 张 涛. 1993. “Liaoning Minzu chubanshe tuichu shiji Manxue lizuo: Man-Han da cidian jijiang chuban 辽宁民族出版社推出世纪满学力作 —— 《满汉大辞典》即将出 版 [Liaoning Nationalities Press brings out the Manjuristics masterpiece of the century: the Unabridged Manchu-Chinese dictionary is about to be published]”. Qingshi yanjiu 1.111.
Zhao Zhiqiang 赵志强. 1993. “Qingdai de Manyu yanjiu 清代的满语研究 [Research on the Manchu language in the Qing period]”. Beijing shehui kexue 11.132–138.
Zhi-kuan 志寬 and Pei-kuan 培寬. 1897. Qingwen zonghui 清文總彙 [Comprehensive collection of Qing writing]. Xylograph. Jingzhou: Jingzhou Zhufang Fanyi Zongxue.
Zhongguo Kexueyuan Tushuguan 中國科學院圖書館, ed. 1996. Xuxiu Si ku quanshu zongmu tiyao (gaoben) 續修四庫全書總目提要(稿本) [Bibliographical summary of the Sequel to the Complete books of the four repositories (draft edition)]. Facsimiles of manuscripts by multiple authors, 381 vols. in all, written during 1931–1942. Jinan: Qi-Lu shushe.
