Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 41:2/3 (2014) ► pp.193–217
The Ancient Greek ψιλά – δασέα Distinction as a Possible Source for the maǧhūr – mahmūs Distinction in Sībawayhi’s Kitāb
Published online: 10 November 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.2-3.01hes
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.2-3.01hes
Summary
This paper explores conceptual and descriptive parallels between the Ancient Greek ψιλά–δασέα distinction as found in the Peripatetic text De Audibilibus, and the gˇahr–hams distinction in the medieval Arabic writings of Al-Ḫalīl (d. c.786 A.D.) and Sībawayhi (d. c.796 A.D.). In both cases there is a focus on the absence versus presence of audible breath, and a belief that audible breath is a cause of lack of clarity in speech. There is no historical evidence that the De Audibilibus was available to the Arab grammarians either directly or through Syriac sources, but the striking similarities suggest that ideas expressed in it did make their way into Arabic phonetic thinking. The fact that Sībawayhi applied the distinction to all the sounds of Arabic, and did not introduce a third term equivalent to the later Greek μέσα category found in the Technē Grammatikē (2nd cent. B.C.) and in Jacob of Edessa’s (c.640–708 A.D.) Syriac grammar based on it, suggests that it was the μέσαdistinction in its original form which influenced his division of Arabic sounds into the magˇhūr and mahmūs classes.
Résumé
Dans le présent article, les auteurs explorent certaines similitudes conceptuelles et descriptives entre, d’un côté, la distinction ψιλά–δασέα du grec ancien, comme on la trouve dans le texte péripatéticien De Audibilibus, et, de l’autre, la distinction gˇahr-hams dans les écrits arabes médiévaux de Al-Ḫalīl (mort vers 786 ap. JC) et Sībawayhi (mort vers 796 ap. JC). Dans les deux cas, on se focalise sur l’absence ou la présence du souffle audible, et sur la conviction que le souffle audible est cause d’un manque de clarté dans le discours oral. Il n’y a aucune évidence historique que les grammairiens arabes avaient accès au De Audibilibus, soit directement, soit à travers des sources syriaques, mais les ressemblances frappantes suggèrent que les idées qui y sont exprimées se sont bien in filtrées dans la pensée phonétique arabe. Le fait que Sībawayhi a appliqué cette distinction à tous les sons de la langue arabe, et qu’il n’ait pas introduit un troisième terme équivalent à la catégorie grecque venue plus tard et trouvée dans la Technē Grammatikē (IIe siècle av. JC) et dans la grammaire syriaque écrite par Jacob d’Edesse (vers 640–708 ap. JC) en s’inspirant de la Technē Grammatikē, tout cela donne à penser que c’était la distinction ψιλά–δασέα dans sa forme originale qui a influencé sa répartition des sons de l’arabe en deux classifications: les magˇhūr et mahmūs.
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Aufsatz werden konzeptuelle und deskriptive Parallelen zwischen der altgriechischen ψιλά–δασέα-Distinktion aus dem Peripatetikertext De Audibilibus und der gˇahr–hams-Distinktion aus den mittelalterlichen Schriften von Al-Ḫalīl (gest. c.786 A.D.) und Sībawayhi beschrieben. In beiden Fällen ist ein Fokus auf der An- bzw. Abwesenheit hörbarer Atmung zu finden ebenso wie die Vorstellung, dass hörbare Atmung mit einem Verlust an Deutlichkeit in der Aussprache einhergehe. Es gibt keinen historischen Beleg dafür, dass arabische Grammatiker direkten oder über syrische Quellen vermittelten Zugang zu De Audibilibus gehabt hätten – die offensichtlichen Parallelen legen jedoch nahe, dass die dort beschriebenen Ansätze das arabische phonetische Denken beeinflusst haben dürften. Die Tatsache, dass Sībawayhi die Distinktion auf alle arabischen Laute anwandte und keinen weiteren Terminus als Äquivalent für die spätere griechische μέσα-Kategorie, wie sie in der Technē Grammatikē (2. Jh. vor Chr.) und in Jakob von Edessas (c.640–708 A.D.) syrischer Grammatik zu finden sind, einführte, weist darauf hin, dass die ψιλά– δασέα-Distinktion in ihrer originalen Form die Aufteilung arabischer Laute in magˇhūr und mahmūs Kategorien beeinflusst haben muss.
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Watson, Janet C.E. & Barry Heselwood
2016. Phonation and glottal states in Modern South Arabian and San'ani Arabic. In Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XXVIII [Studies in Arabic Linguistics, 4], ► pp. 3 ff.
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