Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 40:1/2 (2013) ► pp.199–227
Vygotsky, Cognitive Development and Language
New perspectives on the nature of grammaticalization
Published online: 8 March 2013
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.40.1-2.07chr
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.40.1-2.07chr
Summary
Lev Vygotsky’s (1896–1934) views of the genesis of language and its relation to thought, illustrated here by his account of the origin of the pointing gesture, can be seen as anticipating current research in socially constituted cognition, pragmatics, developmental psychology and grammaticalization, in all of which the importance of contextual and pragmatic factors looms large. His conceptualization of the evolution of communication from action to semiosis has bearing on, and is illuminated by, recent developments in neurobiology, developmental psychology, primatology, and grammaticalization theory. Specifically, recently discovered mirror neuron systems may offer a neurophysiological platform for the evolution of language from gesture and imitation, for the transition from action to sign, from referential to relational meaning, an evolution in which the establishment of joint attention is pivotal. With his emphasis on the dynamic, socially constructed nature of signs, Vygotsky shares Humboldt’s view of language as energeia, as a system in a perpetual state of emergence, a view consistent with Condillac’s ‘language of action’, in which spontaneous vocalizations and gestures give rise to sign functions. Research of the grammaticalization pathways associated with demonstratives and modal particles also offers new perspectives on the process and hypothesized unidirectionality of grammaticalization, including the plausible claim that demonstratives represent a second and separate source of candidates for grammaticalization. Integrating grammaticalization research with findings from relevant social and natural sciences holds out the prospect of underwriting significant advances in understanding the origin of language and the emergence of grammar.
Résumé
Les vues de Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) sur la genèse du langage et sa relation à la pensée, illustrées ici par son exposé sur le geste de pointer du doigt, peuvent être considérées comme anticipant la recherche actuelle en cognition socialement constituée, pragmatique, psychologie du développement et grammaticalisation, toutes disciplines où l’importance des facteurs contextuels et pragmatiques occupe le premier plan. Sa conceptualisation de l’évolution de la communication, de l’action à la sémiosis, se rapporte aux – et est éclairée par – les récents développements en neurobiologie, psychologie du développement, primatologie et théorie de la grammaticalisation. En particulier, les systèmes de neurones miroirs, récemment découverts, peuvent offrir une plate-forme neuro-physiologique pour l’évolution du langage à partir du geste et de l’imitation, pour la transition de l’action au signe, de la signification référentielle à la signification relationnelle, une évolution dans laquelle l’établissement de l’attention conjointe joue un rôle charnière. En mettant l’accent sur la nature dynamique et socialement construite des signes, Vygotsky partage la vision du langage qu’a Humboldt comme energeia, comme un système en perpétuel état d’émergence, une vision en accord avec la ‘langue d’action’ de Condillac, où les productions de sons spontanées et les gestes font naître les fonctions sémiotiques. La recherche des voies de la grammaticalisation, en association avec les démonstratifs et les particules modales, offre aussi de nouvelles perspectives sur le processus et le caractère supposément unidirectionnel de la grammaticalisation, y compris l’affirmation plausible selon laquelle les démonstratifs représentent une seconde source, séparée, de candidats pour la grammaticalisation. L’intégration de la recherche sur la grammaticalisation et des découvertes des sciences naturelles et sociales concernées ouvre la perspective de garantir des avancées significatives dans la compréhension de l’origine du langage et de l’émergence de la grammaire.
Zusammenfassung
Lev Vygotskys (1896–1934) Ansichten von der Entstehung der Sprache und ihrer Beziehung zum Denken, hier erläutert an seinem Bericht über die Entstehung des Zeige- Gestus, kann als Vorgriff auf aktuelle Forschungen zu sozial konstituierten Kognition, zur Pragmatik, zur Entwicklungspsychologie und zur Grammatikalisierung angesehen werden, bei denen allen die Bedeutung konzeptueller und pragmatischer Faktoren hervorstechen. Seine Konzeptualisierung der Evolution der Kommunikation von der Handlung zur Semiosis hat Tragweite und wird zudem illustriert durch neuere Entwicklungen in der Neurobiologie, in der Entwicklungspsychologie, der Primatologie und der Grammatikalisierungstheorie. Insbesondere können die unlängst entdeckten Spiegelneuronen eine neurophysiologische Grundlage für die Entwicklung der Sprache aus Gestik und Nachahmung abgeben, genau so wie für den Übergang der Handlung zum Zeichen, der referentiellen zur relationellen Bedeutung, eine Entwicklung, für die die gleichzeitige Aufmerksamkeit entscheidend ist. Indem Vygotsky den Hauptakzent auf die dynamische, sozial konstruierte Natur des Zeichens legt, teilt er Humboldts Ansicht von der Sprache als energeia, als System in ständiger Entstehung, eine Ansicht, die auch auf Condillacs ‘langue d’action’ zutrifft, in der spontane Lautgebungen und Gesten die Zeichenfunktion entstehen lassen. Die Untersuchung der Grammatikalisierung in Verbindung mit Demonstrativ- und Modalpartikeln bietet ebenfalls neue Einblicke in den Prozess und die angenommene Eindimensionalität der Grammatikalisierung, inklusive des plausiblen Postulats, dass Demonstrativa eine zweite und davon separate Quelle für Grammatikalisierungskandidaten darstellen. Die Verbindung der Grammatikalisierungsforschung mit Erkenntnissen relevanter Sozial- und Naturwissenschaften bietet die Aussicht auf bedeutende Fortschritte im Verständnis des Sprachursprungs und der Herausbildung von Grammatik.
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Cited by one other publication
Christy, T. Craig
2016. The relation of gesture to thought and language. In History of Linguistics 2014 [Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 126], ► pp. 43 ff.
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