Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 4:2 (1977) ► pp.191–206
An Ergative Historiography
Published online: 1 January 1977
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.4.2.04see
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.4.2.04see
Summary
The most widely accepted definition of ‘ergative’ is in terms of a grammatical case, namely, the subject of a transitive verb, wherein that case is opposed to a second case, the ‘absolutive’ (‘nominative’), which includes both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive. Languages which have been referred to as ‘ergative’ or as containing ‘ergative constructions’ include Basque, Eskimo, most languages from the Caucasus and from Australia, some Polynesian languages, Burushaski, the Paleosiberian languages, Sumerian, Hittite, some Papuan languages, Tibetan, most members of the Indic branch of Indo-European, and many American Indian languages.
Insight into speculation on the nature of the ergative leads to a study of the terminology applied before the coinage of the term ‘ergative’ in 1912 (by Adolf Dirr). The term itself has been given varied definitions. Fillmore pictured the ergative as a causative construction; John Anderson suggested ‘ergative’ as a semantic marker; John Lyons describes an ‘ideal ergative’ which is agentive in nature. The bizarre conjecture surrounding the study of ergative languages has included a long debate as to the active or passive nature of the ergative construction and, secondly, the fantasy that an ergative language was a ‘primitive’ one whose speakers had a ‘Weltanschauung’ opposed to that possessed by speakers of a nominative-accusative language.
Rather than either active or passive it has also been postulated that the verb is bidirectional and that verb and nouns in some ergative constructions are in a kind of apposition with each other; in addition, these often occur in sets of relationships which are determined by the semantic nature of the nouns and verb. The term ‘semantic ergative’ is suggested here to describe the presence of the ergative marker due to semantic features as +movement, +voluntary, or + emphasis. Although found most commonly as subject of a transitive verb, this semantic ergative may nevertheless also be found as subject of an intransitive.
Résumé
Le plus souvent, on définit le mot ‘ergatif en terme de grammaire des cas: le sujet d’un verbe transitif, par opposition au cas ‘absolutif (ou ‘nominatif), qui comprend à la fois le sujet d’un verbe intransitif et l’objet d’un verbe transitif. La liste des langues considérées comme ‘ergatives’ ou comme ayant des ‘constructions ergatives’ comprend le basque, l’esquimaud, certaines langues de Polynésie, le burushaki, les langues paléosibériennes, le sumérien, le hittite, certaines langues de Paponasie, le tibétain, la plupart des langues de la branche indienne de l’indo-européen et beaucoup de langues amérindiennes.
Si l’on essaie de voir clair dans toutes les recherches et théories relatives à l’ergatif, on est amené à étudier la terminologie employée avant la création du mot ‘ergatif en 1912 (par Adolf Dirr). Le mot lui-même se trouve défini de différentes manières: Fillmore a présenté l’ergatif comme étant une construction causative; John Anderson a proposé ‘ergatif, comme marqueur sémantique; John Lyons décrit un ‘ergatif idéal’, de nature agentive. Les curieuses spéculations qui entourent l’étude des langues ergatives comprennent, entre autres, un long débat sur la nature active ou passive de la construction ergative et, en second lieu, l’idée gratuite qu’une langue ergative serait une langue ‘primitive’, dont les locuteurs auraient une ‘Weltanschauung’ opposée à celle des locuteurs d’une langue à nominatif et accusatif.
Plutôt que de parler soit d’actif, soit de passif, propose-t-on aussi, partons du postulat suivant: le verbe est bidirectionnel et dans certaines constructions ergatives, le verbe d’une part, l’ensemble des noms d’autre part entretiennent l’un par rapport à l’autre une sorte de relation d’apposition; de plus, de telles constructions apparaissent souvent dans des systèmes de relations déterminés par la nature sémantique des noms et du verbe.
‘Ergatif sémantique’ — c’est l’expression proposée dans cet article pour décrire la présence du marqueur ergatif due à des facteurs sémantiques tels que + mouvement, + volontaire ou + mise en relief. Le plus souvent sujet d’un verbe transitif, cet ergatif sémantique peut néanmoins apparaître aussi comme sujet d’un verbe intransitif.
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