Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 37:1/2 (2010) ► pp.31–73
Imaginative Science
The interactions of Henry Sweet’s linguistic thought and E. B. Tylor’s anthropology
Published online: 21 May 2010
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.37.1-2.02ath
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.37.1-2.02ath
Summary
This article traces the interactions between the philologist and applied linguist Henry Sweet (1845–1912) and the anthropologist and evolutionist E. B. Tylor (1832–1917). Tylor was impressed by Sweet’s uniformitarian views on phonetic synthesis and word-division: that phonetic and grammatical processes observable in the present could be used to explain grammatical formation and inflection in the past. Conversely, Sweet’s views on language and its origins owe much to Tylor’s intellectualism and his doctrine of survivals. According to Tylor, ‘primitive man’ employed rational thought in his attempts to make intellectual sense of the world and its phenomena. In expressions such as ‘the sun rises’, vestiges of this primitive thought and animism then survive in the lexis and syntax of later, modern languages. Sweet used Tylorian material in his language textbooks, and the intellectualist theory was taken up by literary critics in the 1880s, e.g., in the Shelley Society — of which Sweet was a founding member, in order to explore the roots of poetic metaphor and figurative language as used in modern English poetry.
Résumé
Cet article retrace les interactions entre le philologue et spécialiste de linguistique appliquée Henry Sweet (1845–1912) et l’anthropologue et évolutionniste E. B. Tylor (1832–1917). Tylor fut impressionné par les vues ‘uniformitariennes’ de Sweet sur la combinaison phonétique et la division morphologique, et, par suite, le fait que des processus phonétiques et grammaticaux observables dans le présent pouvaient être utilisés pour expliquer la formation et la flexion grammaticales dans le passé. Inversement, les vues de Sweet sur le langage et ses origines doivent beaucoup à l’‘intellectualisme’ de Tylor et à sa ‘théorie des survivances’. Selon Tylor, l’homme primitif employait la pensée rationnelle dans ses efforts pour comprendre le monde et ses phénomènes. Des expressions telles que “le soleil brille” montrent la survivance des vestiges de cette pensée primitive et d’animisme dans le lexique et la syntaxe des langues modernes ultérieures. Tylor utilisa le matériel tylorien dans ses manuels et la théorie intellectualiste fut reprise par la critique littéraire dans les années 1880, par exemple à la Shelley Society – dont Sweet fut un membre fondateur –, dans le but d’explorer les racines de la métaphore poétique et du langage figuré, tel qu’utilisé dans la poésie anglaise moderne.
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag geht es um die Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Philologen und angewandten Sprachwissenschaftler Henry Sweet (1845–1912) und dem Anthropologen und Evolutionsforscher E. B. Tylor (1832–1917). Tylor war beeindruckt von Sweets einheitlicher Betrachtungsweise von Lautzusammensetzung und Worttrennung und dass auf diese Weise heute zu beobachtende phonetische und grammatische Prozesse dazu genutzt werden konnten, um ältere grammatische Bildungen und Flexionen zu erklären. Umgekehrt verdankten Sweets Ansichten von Sprache und ihrer Entstehung sehr viel dem Tylorschen ‘Intellektualismus’ und seiner ‘Theorie vom Überleben’. Nach Tylor entwickelten die ‘primitiven Menschen’ rationale Gedankengänge, um die Welt und ihre Erscheinungsformen zu erklären. In Ausdrücken wie ‘die Sonne geht auf ’ sind Spuren ursprünglicher Gedankengänge zu finden, und ‘beseelte’ Anschauungen leben in Lexikon und Syntax späterer, d.h. heutiger Sprachen fort. Vorstellungen von Sweet und Tylor, die sie in ihren Lehrbüchern formuliert hatten und auch die ideengeschichtlichen Theorien wurde in den 80er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts von Literaturkritikern aufgegriffen, z.B. in der Shelley-Gesellschaft, zu deren Gründungsmitgliedern Sweet gehörte. Dabei ging es um die Erforschung poetischer Metaphern und bildlicher Ausdrucksweisen, wie sie in der modernen englischen Dichtung zu finden sind.
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