Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 32:1/2 (2005) ► pp.117–148
Structuralism and Autonomy
From Saussure to Chomsky
Article language: German
Published online: 8 June 2005
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.32.2.06and
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.32.2.06and
Summary
Structuralism sought to introduce various kinds of autonomy into the study of language, including the autonomy of that study itself. The basis for this was the insistence on categorial autonomy, whereby categories are identified language-internally (whether in a particular language or in language generally). In relation to phonology, categorial autonomy has generally been tempered by grounding: the categories correlate (at least prototypically) with substance, phonetic properties. This is manifested in the idea of ‘natural classes’ in generative phonology, for instance. Usually, however, and particularly since Bloomfield, no such grounding (in meaning) has been attributed to syntax. This attitude culminates in the principle of the autonomy of syntax which was put forward in transformational-generative grammar. Such an attitude can be contrasted not merely with most pre-structural linguistics but also, in its severity, with other developments in structuralism. In present-day terms, the groundedness of syntax assumes that only the behaviour of semantically typical members of a category determines its basic syntax, and this syntax reflects the semantic properties; groundedness filters out potential syntactic analyses that are incompatible with this.
Résumé
Le structuralisme a cherché à introduire diverses notions d’autonomie au sein de l’étude du langage, y compris l’autonomie de la discipline même. On a basé ce principe sur la notion d’autonomie catégorielle, en déterminant les catégories à partir de données internes (dans une langue ou les langues en général). En phonologie, l’autonomie catégorielle est tempérée par les liens établis entre les catégories et des propriétés phonétiques, tangibles et matérielles. Cette tendance se manifeste, par exemple, dans l’idée, en phonologie générative, de ‘classes naturelles’. Le plus souvent, cependant, surtout depuis Bloomfield, la syntaxe ne se limite pas de cette façon. Elle n’est nullement tempérée par le sens. Cette attitude a pour point culminant le principe de l’autonomie de la syntaxe qu’a avancé la grammaire générative. La thèse de l’autonomie de la syntaxe rompt non seulement avec la tradition européenne pré-structuraliste, mais également avec d’autres écoles structuralistes.
Zusammenfassung
Der Strukturalismus war darum bemüht, verschiedene Arten von Autonomie für die wissenschaftliche Betrachtung von Sprache einzuführen, wobei Autonomie für das wissenschaftliche Herangehen selbst einen Teil dieses Bestrebens bildete. Die Basis dafür war das Beharren auf ‘kategorialer Autonomie’, die ein sprachinternes Identifizieren von Kategorien garantieren sollte – sei es in einer Einzelsprache oder in Sprache im Allgemeinen. In bezug auf die Phonologie wurde die Forderung nach kategorialer Autonomie in der Regel abgemildert erhoben: Die Kategorien korrelieren, zumindest prototypisch, mit Substanz, i.e., phonetischen Eigenschaften. Dies zeigt sich beispielsweise an dem Konzept der ‘natürlichen Klassen’ in der generativen Phonologie. Für gewöhnlich vollzog man eine solche Abschwächung dieser Forderung (in Hinblick auf Bedeutung) jedoch nicht im Bereich der Syntax – und dies vor allem seit Bloomfield. Dieser Ansatz fand seinen Höhepunkt im Postulat der Autonomie von Syntax, wie es in der transformationell-generativen Grammatik formuliert wurde. Ein solcher Ansatz ließe sich nicht nur von den meisten Richtungen der vorstrukturalistischen Linguistik unterscheiden, sondern aufgrund seiner Rigorosität auch von anderen strukturalistischen Konzeptionen.
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