Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 31:1 (2004) ► pp.33–58
Discovering Aryan and Dravidian in British India
A tale of two cities
Published online: 30 July 2004
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.31.1.04tra
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.31.1.04tra
Summary
British India was an especially fruitful site for the development of historical linguistics. Four major, unanticipated discoveries were especially associated with the East India Company: those of Indo-European, Dravidian, Malayo-Polynesian and the Indo-Aryan nature of Romani. It is argued that they came about in British India because the European tradition of language analysis met and combined with aspects of the highly sophisticated Indian language analysis. The discoveries of Indo-European and Dravidian, the subject of this article, were connected with the British-Indian cities of Calcutta and Madras, respectively, and the conditions under which they came about are examined. The production of new knowledge in British India is generally viewed through the lens of post-colonial theory, and is seen as having been driven by the needs of colonial governance. This essay sketches out a different way of looking at aspects of colonial knowledge that fall outside the colonial utility framework. It views these discoveries and their consequences as emergent products of two distinct traditions of language study which the British and the Indians brought to the colonial connection. If this is so, it follows that some aspects of modernism tacitly absorb Indian knowledge, specifically Indian language analysis. Indian phonology, among other things, is an example of this process.
Résumé
L’Inde britannique fut un lieu fort propice pour ce qui est de l’évolution de la linguistique historique. On associe quatre grandes découvertes inattendues à la Compagnie des Indes Orientales: celle de l’Indo-Européen, celle du Dravidien, celle du Malayo-Polynésien et celle de l’appartenance du Romani aux langues Indo-Aryennes. On soutient ici que ces découvertes se sont faites dans l’Inde britannique parce que la tradition européenne de l’analyse du langage est entré en contact avec la tradition indienne, fort avancée, d’analyse linguistique, se combinant avec certains aspects de cette dernière. La découverte de l’indo-européen et du dravidien, ce dont traite cet article, était liée aux villes anglo-indiennes de Calcutta (pour l’indo-europeéen) et Madras (pour le draviden), et on examinera les conditions dans lesquelles se firent ces découvertes. Le plus souvent on a examiné la production de nouveaux savoirs dans l’Inde britannique à la lumière des théories du post-colonialisme, les besoins d’un gouvernement colonial étant dans cette optique la force motrice derrière cette production.Cet article propose une façon de voir tout autre d’aspects de la science coloniale qui se trouvaient hors du cadre de l’utilité coloniale. On y voit ces découvertes et ses conséquences en tant que produits naissants de deux traditions distinctes de l’étude du langage qu’apportèrent chacun Britanniques et Indiens au lien colonial. Si tel est le cas, il s’ensuit que certains aspects du modernisme ont discrètement acquis des connaissances indiennes: plus précisément, l’analyse linguistique indienne. La phonologie indienne, entre autres choses, est un exemple de ce processus.
Zusammenfassung
In der britischen Kolonialzeit war Indien ein besonders günstiger Platz für die Entwicklung der historischen Sprachwissenschaft. Besonders die Ostindien-Kompanie wird mit vier Entdeckungen in Zusammenhang gebracht, die des Indoeuropäischen, des Drawidischen, des Malayo-Polinesischen und die der Zugehörigkeit des Romani zur indoarischen Gruppe. Man nimmt an, daß dies mit dem Zusammentreffen europäischer Traditionen und der hochentwickelten indischen Sprachanalyse zu tun hat. Die Entdeckung des Indoeuropäischen und des Drawidischen, mit der sich der vorliegende Artikel befaßt, steht, wie gezeigt wird, in Zusammenhang mit den Kolonialstädten Kalkutta und Madras. Das neugewonnene Wissen wird dabei allerdings durch die Brille der nachkolonialen Zeit und als Folge administrativer Bedürfnisse der Kolonialmacht gewertet. In dem Beitrag wird jedoch eine anderer Blickweise vorgeschlagen, abseits von kolonialem Nützlichkeitsdenken. Die sprachwissenschaftlichen Entdeckungen und ihre Folgen werden als Resultat zweier unterschiedlicher Traditionen gesehen, der britischen und der indischen, Traditionen, die in und durch die Kolonisierung aufeinander trafen. Wenn dem so ist, dann erklärt sich hieraus auch zu einem Gutteil das Stillschweigen, welches heutzutage immer noch das indische Wissen, speziell die Sprachanalyse umgibt. Die indische Lautlehre bietet hierfür ein deutliches Exempel.
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Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Asher, R. E.
2010.
The Madras School of Orientalism: Producing knowledge in colonial South India. Edited by Thomas R. Trautmann. Historiographia Linguistica 37:1-2 ► pp. 226 ff.
[no author supplied]
2020.
Pour une historiographie engagée; or where
historians of linguistics could still do better. In Last Papers in Linguistic Historiography [Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 128], ► pp. 37 ff.
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