Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 30:3 (2003) ► pp.273–300
The divine and the grammarian
Theological disputes in the 17th-century universal language movement
Published online: 25 March 2004
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.3.03poo
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.3.03poo
Summary
This paper discusses the theological background of the linguistic ideas of the three major universal language-planners writing and publishing in England in the 17th century, John Wilkins, George Dalgarno, and Francis Lodwick. Through an examination of these men’s attitudes to the three biblical sites central to early modern linguistics – the accounts of Adam naming the beasts, the fall of man, and the Confusion of Tongues at Babel – it is demonstrated that Wilkins, Dalgarno, and Lodwick held different views on these events and their linguistic ramifications. Wilkins and Dalgarno disagreed about the nature and perseverance of the original Adamic language. Francis Lodwick proposed a far more radical solution: under the influence of the French heretic Isaac La Peyrère, he proposed that men had existed, polygenetically, since long before Adam, and that language hence did not originate with Adam. This paper therefore significantly qualifies the intellectual coherency of the ‘universal language movement’, and does so by the use of hitherto almost entirely neglected manuscript material.
Résumé
Cet article traite des aspects théologiques des idées linguistiques des trois plus grands linguistes traitant de questions de langue universelle qui écrivaient et publiaient en Angleterre au XVIIe siècle: John Wilkins, George Dalgarno, et Francis Lodwick. Suite à l’examen des attitudes de ces hommes en ce qui a trait aux trois histoires de la Bible les plus importantes pour ce qui est des débuts de la linguistique moderne (Adam nommant les créatures vivantes, la déchéance de l’homme, et la tour de Babel), on montrera que les points de vue de Wilkins, Dalgarno et Lodwick à ce propos et à ce que cela impliquait de linguistique étaient tout simplement irréconciliables. Wilkins tenta de séparer la linguistique biblique de ses propres projets de construction d’un langage philosophique, dont son célèbre essai de 1668 est la première ébauche. Dalgarmo, par contre, était en parfait désacord avec Wilkins quant aux liens à établir entre l’histoire biblique et la linguistique. Sous l’influence de l’hérétique français Isaac La Peyrère, Francis Lodwick exposa une solution beaucoup plus radicale: selon lui, l’homme, créature aux origines polygénétiques, existait depuis longtemps avant Adam, et de ce fait le langage n’avait pas d’origine unique. Cet article, au moyen de manuscrits le plus souvent négligés jusqu’aujourd’hui, montre donc que les travaux sur une langue universelle se sont effectués dans un cadre intellectuel dont on a surestimé l’uniformité.
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Aufsatz wird der theologische Hintergrund zu den linguistischen Ideen dreier bedeutender Universalsprachen-Planer diskutiert, die im England des 17. Jahrhunderts wirkten: John Wilkins, George Dalgarno, und Francis Lodwick. Mithilfe einer Untersuchung der Haltung dieser Männer zu drei biblischen Zentralfragen der frühen modernen Sprachforschung – nämlich die Berichte über Adam als Benenner der Tiere, der Sündenfall und Sprachenverwirrung zu Babel – wird aufgezeigt, dass Wilkins, Dalgarno und Lodwick unterschiedliche Ansichten über die Ereignisse und ihre linguistischen Folgen hegten. Wilkins und Dalgarno waren sich uneins, was die Natur und Nachhaltigkeit der adamischen Ursprache anbetrifft. Francis Lodwick schlug eine weit radikalere Lösung vor: unter Einfluss des französischen Heretikers Isaac La Peyrère trug er die Ansicht vor, dass es Menschen schon lange vor Adam gegeben habe, und zwar ohne miteinander verwandt zu sein, und dass daher die Sprache nicht ihren Ursprung mit Adam genommen habe. Der vorliegende Artikel, der sich auf bisher kaum beachtetes Archivmaterial des 17. Jahrhunderts stützt, stellt die geistige Einheitlichkeit der Universalsprachbewegung infrage.
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2011. John Bulwer and the Quest for a Universal Language, 1641–1644. Historiographia Linguistica 38:1-2 ► pp. 37 ff.
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