Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 30:1/2 (2003) ► pp.129–185
Turn to the history of linguistics
Noam Chomsky and Charles Hockett in the 1960s
Published online: 16 September 2003
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1.05fal
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1.05fal
Summary
In the 1940s and 1950s, the leading proponents of American synchronic linguistics showed little interest in the history of linguistics. Some attention to historiography occurred in subfields of linguistics closest to the humanities – linguistic anthropology, historical linguistics, modern European languages – but the ‘science of language’ developed by Leonard Bloomfield and his descriptivist followers demanded autonomy from other disciplines and from the past. Increasing American contact with European linguistics during the 1950s culminated in the 1962 Ninth International Congress of Linguists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Noam Chomsky presented a plenary session paper that appeared in print in four versions between 1962 and 1964, each version incorporating an increasing amount of discussion of the early 20th-century precursors to the descriptivists and a number of 17th- and 19th-century studies of language and mind. Charles Hockett responded by organizing his 1964 presidential address to the Linguistic Society of America as a history of linguistics, emphasizing periods, figures, and ideas not included in Chomsky’s work. Historiographers of the time recognized a surge of American interest in the history of linguistics beginning in the early 1960s and most attributed it largely to Chomsky’s work. Historiographic publication increased significantly among the descriptivists; at the same time it emerged among the generativists, most of whom followed Chomsky in exploring pre-20th-century philosophical ideas or reconsidering concepts and practices of the descriptivists’ forerunners. The resulting visibility and impetus to the history of linguistics contributed to the foundation upon which linguistic historiography matured in North America in the later decades of the 20th century.
Résumé
Durant les années quarante et cinquante, les chercheurs les plus importants en linguistique synchronique américaine ne manifestèrent que peu d ‘intérêt envers l’histoire de la linguistique. On accorda une certaine attention à l’historiographie au sein de sous-domaines de la linguistique liés plus intimement aux sciences humaines, tels que l’anthropologie linguistique, la linguistique historique ou les langues européennes modernes, mais la ‘science du langage’ qui avait vu le jour sous Leonard Bloomfield et ses disciples descriptivistes se devait d ‘être autonome face aux autres domaines d’études comme face au passé. La croissance des liens entre linguistes américains et européens durant les années cinquante culmina lors du neuvième congrès internationaldes linguistes, à Cambridge, au Massachusetts, en 1962. Noam Chomsky y fit une présentation de session plénière qui apparaîtra en quatre versions écrites entre 1962 et 1964, chaque nouvelle version soulevant de plus en plus de points liés aux précurseurs, au début du XXe siècle, des descriptivistes, ainsi qu’à un nombre d’études, datant du XVIIe au XIXe siècle, traitant de la langue et de la pensée. En réponse à cela, Charles Hockett, dans son discours présidentielde 1964 à la Linguistic Society of America, présenta une histoire de la linguistique, soulignant les époques, les individus marquants et les idées dont ne tenait compte Chomsky dans ses travaux. Les historiographes de l’époque constatèrent un vif intérêt américain vis-à-vis l’histoire de la linguistique au début des années soixante, et, pour la plupart, l’attribuèrent aux travaux de Chomsky. De la part des descriptivistes on assista à une croissance du nombre d’écrits traitant d’historiographie, comme de la part des générativistes, dont la plupart suivirent Chomsky en ce qu’ils exploraient des idées philosophiques antérieures au vingtième siècle ou portaient un regard nouveau sur les concepts et la réalité des précurseurs des descriptivistes. La visibilité et la poussée de l’avant données ainsi à l’histoire de la linguistique ont contribué à la base d’où on verra croître l’historiographie linguistique en Amérique du Nord lors des dernières décennies du XXe siècle.
Zusammenfassung
In den 1940er und 1950er Jahren zeigten die führenden Vertreter der amerikanischen synchronischen Linguistik wenig Interesse für die Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft. In einigen Nebenbereichen der Sprachforschung, die mit den Geisteswissenschaften verbunden waren, z.B. in der sprachwissenschaftlichen Anthropologie, der historischen Sprachwissenschaft oder der moderne europäischen Sprachforschung, schenkte man der Geschichtsschreibung Aufmerksamkeit, aber die von Leonard Bloomfield etablierte ‘Wissenschaft der Sprache’ und seine deskriptivistischen Nachfolger verlangten Unabhängigkeit von weiteren und älteren Wissensgebieten. Zunehmende amerikanische Beziehungen mit europäischen Sprachwissenschaftlern in den 1950er Jahren erreichten den Höhepunkt bei dem 9. Internationalem Linguisten-Kongress der in Cambridge, Massachusetts, im August 1962 statt fand. Hier hat Noam Chomsky in der Plenarsitzung seine wissenschaftliche Abhandlung vorgelegt, die zwischen 1962 und 1964 in vier verschiedenen Fassungen veröffentlicht wurde. Jede Version enthielt weitere Erörterungen der deskriptivistischen Vorläufer des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts, sowohl wie einige Studien zum Thema ‘Sprache und Geist’ des 17. und 19. Jahrhunderts. Charles Hockett erwiderte darauf, in dem er in seinem Vortrag d.J. 1964 als Präsident der Linguistic Society of America die Geschichte der Linguistik die Zeitspannen, Persönlichkeiten und Begriffe, die nicht in Chomskys Darstellung vorkamen, hervorhob. Die damaligen Historiographen erkannten hierin einen plötzlichen Anstieg des amerikanische Interesses für die Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, das die meisten hauptsächlich auf Chomskys Abhandlung zurückführten. Historigraphische Arbeiten vermehrten sich bedeutend bei den Deskriptivisten; zur gleichen Zeit traten sie auch bei den Generativisten hervor, die Chomsky in der Untersuchung der philosophischen Gedanken der Zeit vor dem 20. Jahrhundert folgten oder die Ideeen und Arbeiten der deskriptivistischen Vorgänger von neuem erwägten. Dieses Interesse trug schließlich zur Stärkung der Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei, so daß die linguistische Historiographie in Nordamerika sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts voll entwickeln konnte.
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