Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 3:3 (1976) ► pp.275–291
The Semantic Theory of James Harris
A Study of Hermes (1751)
Published online: 1 January 1976
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.3.3.02sub
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.3.3.02sub
Summary
Although the semantic theory proposed by Harris in Hermes (1751) was not well received in 18th-century England and has been generally neglected by scholars ever since, it is certainly deserving of our attention because it is a perceptive analysis of the logico-semantic structure of language. In the tradition of philosophical or universal grammar, Harris argued that the subject matter of the linguist should be the conceptual level or the deep structure of language rather than the utterance or the surface structure. Therefore, Harris reasoned that an adequate explanation of meaning required a description of the relationship of language and thought. Furthermore, since he recognized that the study of language was necessary for the advancement of learning, which he considered to be the essence of science, he regarded the limits of 18th-century science too narrow in that they excluded semantics. Harris’ theory advanced that an analysis of the sentence, the basis of the synthesis of the mind and language, was crucial to a semantic theory. Since the number of utterances is infinite, Harris attempted to discover a finite and universal set of psychological principles which he believed generated sentences. Although he concluded that a notion of general and particular ideas would ultimately explain verbal communication, he hoped that identifying the source of these ideas would be the work of future scholars.
Résumé
Bien que la théorie sémantique proposée par James Harris (1709–80) dans Hermes (1751) n’ait pas été bien reçue au XVIIIe siècle en Angleterre, et même ait été en général négligée par les spécialistes jusque là, elle mérite certainement notre attention en tant qu’analyse perceptive de la structure logique ou sémantique du langage. Se situant dans la tradition de la grammaire universelle ou philosophique, Harris soutenait que l’objet d’étude du linguiste devait être le niveau conceptuel, autrement dit la structure profonde du langage plutôt que son expression orale ou structure superficielle. Cependant, Harris démontrait qu’une explication convenable du processus de signification nécessitait une description des relations existant entre le langage et la pensée, et même, dans la mesure où il reconnaissait que l’étude du langage était nécessaire pour le progrès de l’ensignement (qu’il considérait comme étant la science essentielle), il indiquait que les limites de la science du XVIIIe siècle étaient trop étroites en ce qu’elles excluaient la sémantique. La théorie de Harris a mis en évidence qu’une analyse de la phrase — ce fondement de la synthèse de la pensée et du langage — était essentielle à une théorie sémantique. C’est parce que les possibilités d’expression orale sont infinies que Harris a tenté de découvrir un nombre fini et universel de principes psychologiques dont il pensait qu’ils engendraient les phrases. Bien qu’il ait conclu qu’une connaissance des idées générales et particulières pût en définitive expliquer la communication verbale, il espérait que l’identification de l’origine de ces idées serait la tâche des spécialistes des générations futures.
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Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Subbiondo, J.L.
Bergheaud, Patrice
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