Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 3:2 (1976) ► pp.179–201
The Study of Logic and Language in England in the Early 17th Century
Published online: 1 January 1976
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.3.2.03tre
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.3.2.03tre
Summary
Round the turn of the seventeenth century there was a revival of interest in and sympathy for scholastic and Aristotelian philosophy in the English universities. To some extent this meant a continuation of traditions that had never died out, but it also meant a conscious rejection of anti-Aristotelian doctrines like those of Ramus. Fortunately, we have good contemporary evidence of the sorts of authors recommended for study in the early 17th century in the Directions for a Student in the Universitie, attributed to Richard Holdsworth (1590–1649). Here we find a remarkable proportion of time given to the study of logic texts. An examination of the texts recommended, however, shows that they attempted little formal logic and were careless in what they did attempt. The primary interest of the authors of these books was in the philosophy of logic and language and in related epistemological and metaphysical questions. In this they show, if not the influence of Ramus, at least a parallel emphasis to that of some of the philosophies they rejected. Their philosophy of language is generally thoughtfully and coherently worked out, but it is not original. Indeed, it closely follows the doctrines of the medieval logicians and speculative grammarians, which philosophical doctrines can be identified with the principles delineated by Chomsky as characteristic of so-called Cartesian linguistics. The preservation of medieval philosophy of language combined with a relative lack of interest in medieval formal logic, however, has the effect of sharpening the emphasis in these works on what is innate in human beings and their use of language. This shift of interest rather than any real doctrinal change tends to distinguish these works from those of their medieval predecessors. In Edward Brerewood’s (c. 1565–1613) treatise on the diversity of languages (1614) we see these same philosophical doctrines combined with an interest that was new and not medieval, an interest in the historical and, in its way, empirical study of national languages themselves.
Résumé
C’est au début du XVIIe siècle que l’on recommence, dans les universités anglaises, à s’intéresser à l’héritage scholastique d’Aristote. Cette tradition philosophique n’était pas véritablement tombée en désuétude: sous ce rapport, il y a continuité. En réalité, c’est surtout en ce qu’elle témoigne du rejet de doctrines anti-aristotéliciennes comme celle de Ramus que cette faveur nouvelle nous paraît significative. La chance veut que nous disposions de Directions for a Student in the Universitie (attribué à Richard Holdsworth, 1590–1649) pour juger du genre d’auteurs dont la lecture était conseillée à l’époque. Il en ressort qu’une part importante de l’étude était consacrée aux traités de logique. Un examen plus approfondi des textes en cause montre pourtant que le souci principal de ces auteurs était moins une recherche visant au développement de la logique formelle (on pourrait même dire qu’ils ne savaient pas trop quoi chercher en ce domaine) qu’une spéculation quant aux implications épistémologiques et métaphysiques de la logique et de la philosophie du langage. Et s’il n’est pas possible d’y trouver l’influence de Ramus, du moins peut-on y voir une problématique analogue à celle des thèses qu’ils entendaient condamner. Leur philosophie du langage est en général bien pensée et participe d’un système cohérent, mais elle n’est pas originale. Plus précisément, elle est ‘à la remorque’ des théories élaborées par les logiciens du Moyen Age ou par les tenants de la grammaire spéculative, d’autres doctrines dont on peut admettre qu’elles procèdent des principes définis par Chomsky comme étant les fondementsde la ‘linguistique cartésienne’. Le respect de l’esprit de la philosophie médiévale du langage, paradoxalement lié à un manque relatif d’intérêt pour la logique formelle du Moyen Age, s’est traduit dans ces travaux par une valorisation des caractères innés de l’être humain, et entre autres de leur capacité linguistique. Cette focalisation de l’intérêt, beaucoup plus qu’un quelconque changement doctrinal, est ce qui permet de distinguer les travaux des auteurs du début XVIIe siècle de ceux de leurs prédécesseurs du Moyen Age. Dans le traité d’Edward Brerewood (1565–1613) sur la diversité des langues (1614), on voit qu’une doctrine philosophique de ce type, liée à une perspective moderne, débouche sur une étude historique et, par conséquent, sur une étude empirique des idiomes nationaux.
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Commentary on “De Grammatico”: The historical-logical dimensions of a dialogue of St. Anselm’s. By Desmond Paul Henry. Historiographia Linguistica 3:1 ► pp. 98 ff.
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