Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 27:1 (2000) ► pp.79–102
Structuralism, contextualism, dialogism
Volo.Inov’s and Baxtin’s contributions to the debate about the ‘relativity’ of meaning
Published online: 29 May 2000
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.27.1.06ner
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.27.1.06ner
Summary
In the 1930s lexical semantics came under the influence of Saussurean structuralism and Gestalt psychology. The study of whole lexical fields and the structure of these fields replaced a historical semantics focusing on single words and the classification of the transitions between the meanings of these words over time according to different sets of criteria. At the same time contextualism, the study of meaning in its pragmatic context of language use, began to attract the attention of linguists, philosophers, and psychologists of language. Fully aware of the emergence of structuralism and contextualism, Volo‰inov and Baxtin began to develop their theories of meaning, society and literature, later called dialogism. All three movements dealt with the relativity of meaning, as relativity in a semantic field, as relativity in social context, and as relativity in social interaction and dialogue. This article demonstrates how, in a sometimes hidden dialogue with their Western contemporaries, Valentin Nikolaeviã Volo‰inov (1895–1936) and Mixail Mixajloviã Baxtin (1895–1975) developed new ‘relativistic’ theories of meaning, novel theories of pragmatics (speech acts), and modern theories of verbal interaction.
Résumé
Pendant les années 1930 la sémantique lexicale fut influencée par le structuralisme saussurien et la psychologie gestaltiste. L’étude des champs sémantiques et des structures de ces champs remplaçait une sémantique historique qui avait analysé les mots isolés et avait établi des classifications de certains changements de sens. À la même époque le contextualisme, c’est-àdire l’étude du sens dans son contexte pragmatique, commençait à attirer l’attention des linguistes, des philosophes et des psychologues du langage. Ce fut à cette époque que Valentin Nikolaeviã Volo‰inov (1895–1936) et Mixail Mixajloviã Baxtin (1895–1975), qui connaissaient bien les nouveaux développements dans les théories sémantiques, commençaient à développer leurs théories du sens, de la société et de la littérature, des théories qu’on connaît aujourd’hui sous le nom de dialogisme. Les trois mouvements sémantiques tous exploraient la relativité du sens, comme relativité dans les champs sémantiques, comme relativité dans le contexte social, et comme relativité dans l’interaction sociale et dialogique. Dans cet article on veut démontrer comment, dans un dialogue parfois caché avec des penseurs Européens contemporains, Valentin Nikolaeviã Volo‰inov (1895–1936) et Mixail Mixajloviã Baxtin (1895–1975) développaient leurs théories ‘relativistes’ du sens, des actes de langage, et de l’interaction sociale.
Zusammenfassung
In den 30er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts kam die lexialische Semantik unter den Einfluss des Saussureschen Strukturalismus und der Gestaltpsychologie. Das Studium ganzer lexikalischer Felder und deren Strukturen trat an die Stelle einer historischen Semantik, die den Bedeutungswandel isolierter Wörter untersuchte und Klassifikationen des Bedeutungswandels erstellte. Um die gleiche Zeit begann der Kontextualismus, bzw. das Studium der Bedeutung im Kontext des Sprachgebrauchs, die Aufmerksamkeit von Linguisten, Philosophen und Psychologen auf sich zu ziehen. Sowohl die Entwicklung des Strukturalismus wie des Kontextualismus waren Volo‰inov und Baxtin bekannt als sie begannen ihre eignenen Theorien der Bedeutung, der Gesellschaft und der Literatur zu entwickeln, Theorien, die heutzutage unter dem Namen des Dialogismus bekannt sind. Sowohl dem Strukturalismus, als auch dem Kontextualismus und dem Dialogismus ging es um die Relativität der Bedeutung, als Relativität im semantischen Feld, as Relativität im sozialen Kontext, und als Relativität in der sozialen Interaktion und im Dialog. In diesem Artikel soll gezeigt werden wie Valentin Nikolaeviã Volo- ‰inov (1895–1936) und Mixail Mixajloviã Baxtin (1895–1975) ihre Theorien der Bedeutung, der Sprechakte und der sozialen Interaktion in einem manchmal versteckten Dialog mit ihren Zeitgenossen im Westen ausgearbeitet haben.
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Cited by three other publications
Lähteenmäki, Mika
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2020. The Baxtin myth and its historiography. In Last Papers in Linguistic Historiography [Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 128], ► pp. 193 ff.
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