Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 26:3 (1999) ► pp.273–294
Franz Boas’ early northwest coast alphabet
Published online: 7 January 2000
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.26.3.06mac
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.26.3.06mac
Summary
During his work for the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), Franz Boas (1858–1942) designed a phonetic alphabet for the Native American languages of British Columbia in his correspondence with Horatio Hale (1817–1896), who had been entrusted with the supervision of Boas’ activities. This correspondence is of importance because it provides a record of the formation of Boas’ alphabet and documents Hale’s role in this process. Boas’ correspondence and linguistic publications on Inuftitut and Bella Coola which preceded his BAAS reports show that he was already familiar with the conventions used in the alphabets of Kleinschmidt (1851), Lepsius (1863), and Rink (1884, 1887–1891) when he began fieldwork for the BAAS. His letters to John W. Powell (1834–1902) and Hale give further testimony that he was also acquainted with the alphabets of F. M. Müller (1854), Powell (1880), and Techmer (1884). In his dialogue with Hale, Boas expressed his dissatisfaction with the existing transcription systems, which he considered impracticable or deficient. Boas envisioned a scientific phonetic alphabet based on his psycholinguistic theory of phonetics. He was particularly concerned with the accurate representation of schwa, of different series of fricatives and stops, and of so-called synthetic or alternating sounds, which he encountered in the Native American languages of British Columbia. Both Boas and Hale believed future work would not corroborate the existence of surd-sonants (voiceless-voiced sounds) as members of triple series of consonants consisting of surds, surd-sonants, and sonants. Boas did not deny the existence of surd-sonants, but, within his theory of phonetics, he considered them as sounds that were alternately apperceived as being voiced and voiceless. Boas’ first version of his BAAS alphabet and his introductory remarks to the phonetics of the Native American languages described in his BAAS reports show that practical considerations (simplicity, readability, quotability, and availability of types) and Boas’ psycholinguistic interpretation of surd-sonants took priority over the latter’s concerns for an accurate scientific transcription system.
Résumé
Au cours de son travail pour la British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), Franz Boas (1858–1942) créa un alphabet phonétique pour les langues indiennes de la Colombie-britannique dans sa correspondance avec Horatio Hale (1817–1896), qui avait été chargé de la surveillance des fonctions de Boas. Cette correspondance a de l’importance en fournissant un dossier de la création de l’alphabet de Boas et du rôle de Haie dans ce processus. La correspondance et les publications linguistiques sur l’Inuktitut et le Bella Coola de Boas, qui allaient précéder ses rapports à la BAAS, montrent que les conventions utilisées dans les alphabets de Kleinschmidt (1851), Lepsius (1863), et Rink (1884, 1887–1891) lui étaient déjà connus lorsqu’il commença ses travaux pratiques pour la BAAS. Ses lettres à John W. Powell (1834–1902) et à Haie montrent qu’il connaissait également les alphabets de F.M. Müller (1854), Powell (1880), et Techmer (1884). Dans son dialogue avec Haie, Boas exprimait son mécontentement face aux systèmes transcriptifs existants, qu’il considérait impraticables ou défectueux. Boas concevait d’un alphabet phonétique scientifique fondé sur sa théorie phonétique psycholinguistique. Il s’intéressait particulièrement à la représentation exacte du shwa, des séries différentes de fricatives et d’occlusives, ainsi que des sons soi-disaixts synthétiques ou alternatifs, qu’il trouvait dans les langues indigènes de la Colombie-britannique. Boas aussi bien que Haie croyait que le futur travail n’allait pas démontrer l’existence des sons souf-flés-voisés comme membres de séries triples de consonnes se composant de sons soufflés, de sons soufflés-voisés, et de sons voisés. Boas ne rejetait pas l’existence de sons soufflés-voisés, mais, dans sa théorie phonétique, il y voyait des sons qui étaient aperçus alternativement comme voisés et soufflés. La première version de l’alphabet de Boas et ses remarques d’introduction à la phonétique des langues indiennes, dans ses rapports à la BAAS, montrent que les considérations pratiques (simplicité, lisibilité, citabilité, et disponibilité des caractères) et l'interprétation psycholinguistique des sons soufflés-voisés de Boas, avait la priorité sur son intérêt en un système de transcription scientifique exact.
Zusammenfassung
Während seiner Tätigkeit für die British Association for the Advancement of Science (BBAAS) unterhielt Franz Boas (1858–1942) einen Briefwechsel mit Horatio Hale (1817–1896), dem die Überwachung von Boas Aktivitâten anverträut worden war, in dem er seine Vorstellungen eines phonetisches Alphabets für die Indianersprachen Britisch-Kolumbiens entwickelte. Dieser Briefwechsel ist von Bedeutung, weil er die Entstehung von Boas Alphabet und Haies Rolle in diesem Prozess dokumentiert. Boas’ Korrespondenz und seine linguistischen Veröffentlichungen über Inuktitut und Bella Coola, die seinen Berichten für die BAAS vorangingen, zeigen, daB er mit den Kon-ventionen, die in den Alphabeten von Kleinschmidt (1851), Lepsius (1863), und Rink (1884, 1887–1891) benutzt wurden, bereits vertraut war, als er seine Feldarbeit für die BAAS begann. Seine Briefe an John W. Powell (1834–1902) und Hale bezeugen weiterhin, daß der auch die Alphabete von F. M. Müller (1854), Powell (1880) und Techmer (1884) kannte. In seinem Dialog mit Haie drückte Boas seine Unzufriedenheit mit den existierenden Transkriptionssystemen aus, die er als unpraktisch oder mangelhaft betrach-tete. Boas hatte ein wissenschaftliches Transkriptionssystem vor Augen, das auf seiner Theorie der Phonetik beruhte. Er war besonders mit der genauen Darstellung von Schwa, verschiedenen Reihen von Frikativen und Verschluß-lauten, und sogenannten synthetischen Lauten oder Wechsellauten beschaf-tigt, die er in den Indianersprachen Britisch Kolumbiens antraf. Sowohl Boas als auch Haie waren der Meinung, daß nachfolgende Forschungen die Exi-stenz von stimmlos-stimmhaften Wechsellauten als Mitglieder in Dreier-reihen von Konsonanten, die aus stimmlosen Lauten, stimmlos-stimmhaften Wechsellauten, und stimmhaften Lauten bestanden, nicht bestâtigen wurden. Boas verneinte nicht die Existenz von stimmlos-stimmhaften Wechsellauten, sondern betrachtete sie innerhalb seiner Theorie der Phonetik als Laute, die abwechselnd als stimmlos und stimmhaft apperzipiert wurden. Boas’ erste Version seines BAAS Alphabetes und seine einführenden Bemerkungen zur Phonetik der Indianersprachen, die er in seinen BAAS Berichten beschrieb, zeigen, daB praktische Erwägungen (Einfachheit, Lesbarkeit, Zitierbarkeit, und das Vorhandensein von Druckbuchstaben) und Boas psycholinfuistische Interpretation der stimmhaft-stimmlosen Wechsellaute den Vorrang hatten vor seinem Ideal eines genauen wissenschaftlichen Transkriptionssystems.
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