Article published In: History of Linguistics in Poland
[Historiographia Linguistica 25:1/2] 1998
► pp. 61–86
Mikołaj Kruszewski and 20th-century linguistics
Published online: 1 January 1998
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.1-2.06ber
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.1-2.06ber
Summary
The article deals with important issues in general linguistic theory discussed by Mikołaj Habdank Kruszewski alias Nikolaj Vjačeslavovič Kruševskij (1851–1887), in the author’s view an unjustly forgotten linguist of genius of the late 19th century, who could be seen as standing at the roots of the 20th-century structuralism, long before the appearance of F. de Saussure’s lectures on general linguistics. In his major book O čerk nauki o jazyke (An outline of the science of language) of 1883, Kruszewski conceived of language as a system of signs, laying stress on the semiotic function of language. His understanding of sound alternation is in many ways close to modern principles of phonology and morphonology. His hypothesis of the universal character of the sound laws too anticipated the discovery of language universals. As a result, the author agrees with Radwańska-Williams’ (1993) characterization of Kruszewski’s theory as ‘a lost paradigm’ in the history of linguistics. Well-known linguists of the 20th century such as Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) , and others rightly argued that Kruszewski was one of the founders of modern linguistic theory.
Résumé
L’article traite de problèmes importants de la théorie générale du langage dont discute Nicolas Kruszewski (1851–1887), linguiste de génie de la fin du XIXe siècle qui était aux sources du structuralisme du XXe siècle, bien avant la parution du Cours de linguistique générale de Ferdinand de Saussure. Dans son ouvrage magistral de 1883, oublié bien à tort, O čerk nauki o jazyke (Esquisse de la science du langage), Kruszewski envisageait la langue comme un système de signes; ainsi mettait-t-il en relief l’aspect sémantique du langage. Sa conceptualisation des alternations vocaliques a été proche des principes phonologiques et morphologiques modernes sur bien des points. Son hypothèse du caractère universel des lois phonétiques anticipait la découverte des universaux linguistiques. Pour conclure son article, l’auteur soutient l’avis de Radwańska-Williams (1993) que la théorie de Kruszewski représente un ‘paradigme perdu’ dans l’histoire de la linguistique. Les grands linguistes du XIXe siècle, tels que Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), Jerzy Kurylowicz (1895–1978) et bien d’autres, affirment avec justesse que Kruszewski a été un des fondateurs de la pensée linguistique moderne.
Zusammenfassung
Der Aufsatz behandelt grundsätzliche Probleme der von Nikolai Kruszewski (1851–1887) entwickelten allgemeinen Sprachtheorie, die, da lange vor der Veröffentlichung von F. de Saussures Cours entstanden, als an der Wiege des Strukturalismus des 20. Jahrhunderts stehend angesehen werden darf. In seinem Hauptwerk O čerk nauki o jazyke (Skizze einer Wissenschaft von der Sprache) von 1883 beschreibt er die Sprache als ein Zeichensystem, dessen semiotische Funktion hervorgehoben wird. Seine dabei vorgetragene Auffassung vom Lautwechsel nimmt in mancher Hinsicht moderne Prinzipien der Phonologie und Morphonologie vorweg. Seine Hypothese vom universalen Charakter der Lautgesetze geht ebenfalls der Entdeckung von Sprachuniversalien in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts voraus. Daher stimmt der Autor mit der Ansicht von Radwanska-Williams (1993) überein, derzufolge Kruszewskis Sprachtheorie ein ‘verlorenes Paradigma’ in der Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft darstellt. Bedeutende Linguisten des 20. Jahrhunderts wie Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), Jerzy Kuryiowicz (1895–1978) und andere vertreten daher zu Recht die Auffassung, daß Kruszewski ein Mitbegründer der modernen Sprachtheorie anzusehen ist.
Streszczenie
Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851–1887 ) był, obok Jana Baudouina de Courtenay, jednym z prekursorów strukturalizmu. U podstaw jego teorii leży twierdzenie, iż język to system, a raczej system systemów i to w zakresie struktur, jak i relacji. Swoje poglądy zawarl w szeregu ważnych prac, takich jak Zarys nauki o języku czy Szkice językoznawcze. Za szczególnie ważne osiągnięcia uznane zostały: jego teorie o alternacji dźwiękowej oraz prawa: asymilacji morfologicznej, i apokopy rdzenia na korzyść sufiksu, a także prawo asocjacji na podstawie styczności (relacje syntagmatyczne) i prawo asocjacji na podstawie podobieństwa (relacje paradygmatyczne). Te dwa ostatnie prawa wyjaśniają zmiany w języku jako systemie o charakterze psychologicznym. Mimo tych szerokich i rewolucyjnych poglądów, język w jego ujęciu ograniczał się do planu morfologicznego, do morfologii wyrazu, ale w tym zakresie Kruszewski dał wyczepujący opis znaczenia pojedynczych morfemów, jak i wzajemnych relacji między morfemami.
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