Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 24:3 (1997) ► pp.235–266
Notes on the beginnings of systematic dialect description and comparison in Chinese
Published online: 1 January 1997
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.24.3.02bra
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.24.3.02bra
Summary
When 19th-century Westerners first began applying modern methods to Chinese linguistics, they were heavily influenced by Chinese phonological traditions. This influence is apparent in a number of their methodological decisions. For instance, they do not seem to have resolved their difficulties distinguishing plain from aspirated obstruents until they copied Chinese sources. Their work in comparative dialectology was almost always dominated by the Chinese rime-table tradition. Even the systems of universal orthography they developed for Chinese incorporated traditional Chinese tonal symbols. Yet these Western sinologists seem to have made little attempt to communicate their own work to Chinese scholars in a formal way; though they were influenced by Chinese ideas, they published their work in the main for other Westerners, with the result that their new synthesis did not directly influence native Chinese linguistics.
Résumé
Quand les Occidentaux du XIXe siècle commencèrent à appliquer des méthodes modernes à la linguistique chinoise, ils furent fortement influencés par les traditions phonologiques chinoises. Cette influence apparaît dans plusieurs de leurs décisions méthodologiques. Par exemple, ils ne semblent pas être arrivés à distinguer les obstruentes simples des aspirées avant d’avoir copié les symbols tonaux chinoises. Leur travail en dialectologie comparée a presque toujours été dominé par la tradition chinoise de la table de rime. Même les systèmes d’orthographe universelle qu’ils développèrent pour le chinois incorporaient des idées chinoises traditionnelles. Pourtant ces sinologues occidentaux semblent s’être peu souciés de communiquer leurs travaux aux savants chinois d’une manière explicite; bien qu’ils eussent été influencés par les idées chinoises, ils rédigèrent leurs travaux surtout pour d’autres Occidentaux. Le resultat fut que leur nouvelle synthèse n’a jamais influencé directement la linguistique chinoise indigène.
Zusammenfassung
Als die Europäer im 19. Jahrhundert begannen, moderne linguistische Methoden auf die chinesische Sprachwissenschaft anzuwenden, wurden sie stark von chinesischen phonologischen Tradition beeinflußt. Dieser Einfluß ist an vielen methodologischen Entscheidungen erkennbar. Anscheinend konnten sie zum Beispiel die aspirierten nicht von den unaspirierten Verschlußlauten unterscheiden, ehe sie chinesche tonale Symbole studiert hatten. Ihre Untersuchungen zur komparativen Dialektologie wurden in den meisten Fällen von der chinesischen Tradition der Reimbücher dominiert. Auch haben sie in den allgemeinen Rechtschreibungssystemen, die sie für die chinesiche Sprache entwickelten, traditionelle chinesische Begriffe aufgenommen. Jedoch haben sich die europäischen Sinologen des 19. Jahrhunderts offensichtlich nicht sehr bemüht, ihre Untersuchungen den chinesischen Gelehrten in einer formalen Weise mitzuteilen. Obwohl sie von chinesischen Ideen beeinflußt waren, haben sie ihre Arbeiten hauptsächlich für andere Europäer verfaßt, mit dem Ergebnis, daß ihre neue Synthese wenig Einfluß auf die einheimische chinesische Sprachwissenschaft ausgeübt hat.
摘要
十九世紀的西方人始把當代的西方語言學方法用於中國語言研究, 中國土生的聲韻傳統給他們重大的啓發。此啓發出現於其所選用的幾種 技術,例如:聲母的送氣不送氣有人辨不清楚,抄華人所編的方言字書 以後才得準確;中國方言的比較工作是西方人的創作,但始終以中國等 韻學爲綱;西方傳教師所發明的 “諸地方言共同拚音” 系統亦借用華人 私塾的傳統 “標圈” 符號。不過此時代的西方漢學家並未將其新發現傳 給華人的聲韻學家。雖然受聲韻學的影響,但西方人所編的字書與在中 國語言學方面所撰的論文,大致上是爲自己人寫的。結果其综論對當時 的華人的聲韻學家沒有直接的影響。
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