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Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 23:3 (1996) ► pp.405–434

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Le Rôle Théorique de la psychopathologie du langage dans L’historiographie linguistique

 | Universitá di Messina

Article language: French

Published online: 1 January 1996
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https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.23.3.08pen
Résumé
Le but de ce travail est la reconstruction des lignes essentielles du débat sur la psychopathologie du langage et sur le rôle théorique qu’il a joué dans les sciences du langage d’aujourd’hui. Pour simplifier ce débat, qui commence à partir du XIXe siècle et continue encore aujourd’hui, on distingue ici deux grandes orientations. La première est représentée par les analyses du langage dans la psychiatrie clinique classique (de Emil Kraepelin jusqu’aux études récentes de Sergio Piro) et dans le cognitivisme (de Kurt Goldstein jusqu’à la neuropsychologie cognitive de la schizophrénie). La deuxième recueille les recherches de la psychiatrie philosophique: le bergsonisme (Eugène Minkowski, Pierre Janet), la phénoménologie et l’existentialisme (Heidegger et l’an-thropoanalyse de Ludwig Binswanger). De ce débat on examine surtout deux problèmes théoriques: le rapport entre régularité et liberté du langage et la définition des idées de ‘puissance’ et ‘complexité’. Dans la discussion on conclue l’impossibilité d’esquisser une théorie cognitive du langage en dehors de ses bases biologiques et, surtout, de la dimension ontologique de la conscience linguistique.
Summary
The paper aims at presenting two fundamental trends in the psychopathology of language and its role within the current sciences of language. It only deals with the main two currents among the multitude which have evolved since the 19th century. The first one concerns the analysis of the psychotic language in clinical psychiatry (from Emil Kraepelin to Sergio Piro) and in cognitivism (from Kurt Goldstein to the present cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia). The second one deals with those psychiatric researches which have a philosophical foundation: Bergsonism (Eugène Minkowski, Pierre Janet), phenomenology and existentialism (Heidegger and the anthropoanalysis of Ludwig Binswanger). Two theoretical problems arising from these main trends are underlined: the relationship between regularity and liberty in language and the definition of the concepts of power and complexity in a mentalistic theory of language. The questions discussed lead to the very fact that it is not possible to state a cognitive theory of language without taking into account its biological features and the ontological aspects of linguistic awareness.
Zusammenfassung
Im vorliegenden Beitrag geht um die Rekonstruktion einiger wichtiger Argumentationsstrange in der Psychopathologie der Sprache und ihrer theoretischen Bedeutung für die heutige Sprachwissenschaft. Die Diskussion, die schon im 19. Jahrhundert begonnen hat, wird hier auf zwei grundlegende Positionen reduziert: die erste ist repräsentiert durch die klassische Sprach-analyse der klinischen Psychiatrie (von Emil Kraepelin bis Sergio Piro) und des Kognitivismus (von Kurt Goldstein bis zur heutigen kognitiven Neuropsychologie der Schizophrénie); die zweite faßt Ergebnisse der philosophischen psychiatrischen Forschung zusammen, Bergsonismus (Eugène Minkowski, Pierre Janet), Phänomenologie und Existentialismus (Heidegger und die Antropoanalyse von Ludwig Binswanger). Zwei theoretische Problème stehen dabei im Mittelpukt der Untersuchungen, die Beziehung zwischen Regelhaftigkeit und Freiheit sowie die Definition der Begriffe von ‘Macht’ und ‘Gesamtheit’ in einer mentalen Théorie der Sprache. Als Résultat ergibt sich, daß es unmöglich ist, eine kognitive Théorie der Sprache zu entwickeln, ohne dabei auf die biologischen Grundlagen und die ontologische Dimension des sprachlichen Bewußtseins zu rekurrieren.
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