Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 23:3 (1996) ► pp.365–404
The immediate sources of the ‘Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis’
Published online: 1 January 1996
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.23.3.07jos
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.23.3.07jos
Summary
A scholarly consensus traces the roots of the ‘Sapir-Whorf hypothesis’ to German language theory of the late 18th to early 19th century, which connects the ‘inner form’ of a language with the potential for cultural achievement of the nation that speaks it. This paper attempts to complexify that genealogy by exploring more immediate sources of the idea that one’s native language determines individual and cultural patterns of thought. In the version of this idea held by Herder and Humboldt, called here the ‘magic key’ view, language is seen as embodying the national mind and unfolding in line with the Romantic (Hegelian) theory of history. But there is another version, here dubbed ‘metaphysical garbage’, which envisions language developing within an evolutionary view of history and introducing obstacles to logical thought. This view was a commonplace of Cambridge analytical philosophy (Whitehead & Russell) and Viennese logical positivism (Carnap). A key Cambridge-Vienna link was C. K. Ogden, whose series included books by the leaders of both groups, and whose own book The Meaning of Meaning (with I. A. Richards, 1923) – the subtitle of which begins The influence of language on thought – synthesizes many of their positions. Sapir’s positive review of this book marks a turning point from his view of language as a cultural product (as in Language, 1921) to a sort of template around which the rest of culture is structured, as in his “The Status of Linguistics as a Science” (1929). This paper, like others of Sapir’s writings from 1923 on, takes up the rhetoric of metaphysical garbage almost exclusively. Whorf, drawn by Sapir to structuralism from originally mystical interests in language, likewise takes up the ‘garbage’ line, interweaving it with ‘magic key’ only in the two years between Sapir’s death and his own. Other influences on Whorf s views are examined, including Korzybski’s General Semantics, to which he has intriguing connections.
Résumé
Les historiens de la linguistique s’accordent sur l’existence d’un lien entre la soi-disant ‘hypothèse Sapir-Whorf et les théories linguistiques allemandes du début du XIXe siècle. Selon ces théories, la ‘forme intérieure’ d’une langue déterminerait la capacité créatrice de la culture qui la parle. Le présent article tente de préciser cette généalogie, en cherchant des sources plus immédiates de l’idée que la langue maternelle fixe une matrice intellectuelle pour la nation et les individus qui la parlent. Dans la version de cette idée soutenue par Herder et Humboldt, ici dénommée ‘clef magique’, la langue incorporerait l’esprit national, et son histoire serait un éblouissement, suivant la théorie romantique (hégelienne) de l’histoire. Mais selon une autre version, ici dénommée ‘ordures métaphysiques’, le développement de la langue se déroulerait dans le cadre d’une histoire évolutionnaire, donc accidentelle. De ces accidents de l’histoire seraient créés dans la langue des pièges métaphysiques qui présentent un obstacle contre la pensée logique. Cette notion fut un lieu-commun de la philosophic analytique de Cambridge (Whitehead & Russell) et le positivisme logique de Vienne (Carnap). Lien important entre Cambridge et Vienne, C. K. Ogden dirigea un série de livres comprenant les grands noms des deux groupes, et écrivit lui-même (avec I. A. Richards) la grande synthèse de leurs idées sur la langue: The Meaning of Meaning (‘Le sens du sens’), dont le soustitre commence ainsi: The influence of language on thought (‘L’influence de la langue sur la pensée’). Le compte-rendu très favorable de ce livre qu’écrivit Sapir marqua un changement dans sa pensée: là où il avait conçu la langue comme un produit culturel (par exemple dans son Language de 1921), il la décrira désormais comme une sorte de patron sur lequel les autres manifestations de la culture se structurent (par exemple dans son article “Le statut scientifique de la linguistique” de 1929). Dans 1’article de 1929, comme dans ses autres écrits depuis 1923, la rhétorique des ‘ordures métaphysiques’ domine presqu’à l’exclusivité. Whorf, qui entra dans ses études de la langue par une voie mystique bien avant de découvrir la linguistique grâce à Sapir, dßveloppa lui aussi la rhétorique des ‘ordures métaphysiques’, n’y mélangeant celle de la ‘clef magique’ que dans les deux annees entre la mort de Sapir et la sienne. On examine aussi certaines autres influences sur Whorf, y compris la ‘sémantique générate’ de Korzybski, avec laquelle Whorf a des liens intéressants.
Zusammenfassung
Man sucht üblicherweise die Quellen der ‘Sapir-Whorf-Hypothese im deutschen Sprachdenken des ausgehenden 18. und des beginnenden 19. Jahrhunderts, wo eine Verbindung zwischen der ‘inneren Form’ einer Sprache und den Möglichkeiten zur kulturellen Fortentwicklung der sie sprechenden Nation hergestellt wurde. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird der Versuch unternommen, komplexere Gründe für ihre Entstehung aufzuzeigen, indem direkteren Quellen jener Idee nachgegangen wird, derzufolge die Muttersprache individuelle und kulturelle Handlungsmuster der sich sprechenden Person bestimmt. In der von Herder oder Humboldt formulierten Variante dieser Idee (hier ‘magischer Schlüsser genannt) wird Sprache als Verkörperung des nationalen Geistes angesehen, der sich – der Hegelschen Auffassung entsprechend – im Laufe der Geschichte entfaltet. Es gibt auch eine andere Version dieser Vorstellung (hier ‘Müllmetaphysik’ genannt), derzufolge sich Sprache wohl auch im Laufe der Geschichte entwickelt, wobei sie aber dem logischen Denken Hindernisse in den Weg legt. Diese Auffassung war ein Gemeinplatz der Cambridger Analytischen Philosophie (Whitehead & Russell) und des Wiener Logischen Positivismus (Carnap). Eine zentrale Rolle in der Beziehung zwischen Wien und Cambridge spielte C. K. Ogden, in dessen Monographiereihe Bücher der Hauptvertreter beider Gruppen publiziert wurden, und dessen Buch The Meaning of Meaning (publiziert zusammen mit I. A. Richards, 1923; Untertitel: The influence of language on thought) eine Synthese mancher ihrer Anschauungen enthält. Sapirs positive Rezension dieses Werkes kennzeichnet die Wende in seiner Auffassung von Sprache als kulturelles Produkt (z.B. Language, 1921) zur jener Auffassung, wonach Sprache ein Strukturmuster für die Kultur darstellt (z.B. “The Status of Linguistics as a Science”, 1929). In diesem Aufsatz greift er, wie bereits in anderen Schriften ab 1923, die ‘Müllmetaphysik’ auf, die von nun an mit ziemlicher Ausschließlichkeit vertreten wird. Whorf, der durch Sapir von einem ursprünglich mystischen Interesse an Sprache zum Strukturalismus geführt wurde, übernimmt ebenfalls diese Sichtweise, verkniipft sie allerdings in den zwei Jahren zwischen Sapirs Tod und seinem eigenen mit der ‘Magischen-Schlüsser-Position. Weitere Einflüsse auf Whorfs Anschauungen werden ebenfalls behandelt, u.a. Korzybskis Allgemeine Semantik, zu der sich interessante Verbindungen ergeben.
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