Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 20:2/3 (1993) ► pp.309–330
William Holder and other 17th-century phoneticians
Published online: 1 January 1993
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.20.2-3.04abe
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.20.2-3.04abe
Summary
In spite of inevitable deficiencies in their knowledge, 17th-century writers on phonetics can be said to have succeeded in laying the foundations of a true general phonetics. They include some famous names, such as John Wallis and Isaac Newton, but many of them have remained virtually unknown until comparatively recent times, in spite of having contributed significant insights. A brief mention is given here of the work of thirteen of these early writers on phonetics, followed by a fuller account of William Holder (1616–1698), probably the best phonetician of his time. He was not an orthoepist, nor was he concerned to describe the sounds of English. His book had a practical purpose – to provide a theoretical basis for techniques of teaching the deaf. Possible ambiguity in the 17th-century use of ‘letter’ is explained before examining Holder’s description of the sounds of speech. This includes his interesting use of the hylomorphic distinction between ‘matter’ and ‘form’. The description of vowels is almost inevitably less satisfactory than that of the consonants, but his phonetic terminology and general framework would not be out of place in a modern introduction to phonetics. He deserves more attention than he has received, both for his theoretical contribution and for his pioneering work in techniques of teaching the deaf.
Résumé
Malgré des déficiences inévitables dans leurs connaissances, les auteurs de phonétique du XVIIe siècle peuvent être appellés les fondateurs d’une vraie phonétique générale. On peut compter parmi eux des noms illustres comme ceux de John Wallis et de Isaac Newton, mais beaucoup d’entre eux sont restés inconnus jusqu’à récemment, malgré leurs importantes découvertes. Ici on donne un petit aperçu de treize auteurs, suivi d’un traitement plus détaillé de la contribution de William Holder (1616–1698), qui fut probablement le meilleur phonéticien de son époque. Il n’était ni orthoépiste ni préoccupé par la description des sons de l’anglais. Son livre avait un but pratique, à savoir, de servir comme base théorique pour l’enseignement des sourds. Avant d’examiner la description des sons du langage chez Holder, l’auteur explique l’ambiguïté possible du terme ‘lettre’ au XVIIe siècle. Ce traitement comprend l’emploi intéressant chez Holder de la distinction hylomorphique entre ‘matière’ et ‘forme’. La description des voyelles s’avère moins satisfaisante que celle des consonnes, mais sa terminologie phonétique et le cadre général de son approche ne seraient pas déplacés dans une introduction moderne à la phonétique. Holder, en somme, mérite plus d’attention qu’il a reçu jusqu’ici, pour sa contribution théorique et pour ses techniques pionnières dans l’enseignement des sourds.
Zusammenfassung
Wenngleich man von ihnen nicht durchweg moderne Erkenntnisse erwarten kann, so kann man doch sagen, daß es den Autoren des 17. Jahrhunderts gelang, die Grundlagen einer wahrhaft allgemeinen Phonetik zu legen. Unter ihnen befinden sich berühmte Namen wie etwa John Wallis und Isaac Newton, aber viele von ihnen sind bisher ziemlich unbekannt geblieben, obschon sie wesentliche Entdeckungen gemacht haben. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird das Werk von dreizehn dieser frühen Phonetiker kurz skizziert; darauf folgt eine genauere Analyse des Werks von William Holder (1616–1698), dem wohl besten Phonetiker seiner Zeit. Er war kein Orthoepist; noch war es seine Absicht, die Laute des Englischen zu beschreiben. Sein Buch galt einer praktischen Anwendung, nämlich als eine theoretische Anleitung zur Unterrichtung der Gehörlosen. Bevor Holders Beschreibung der Sprachlaute einer Analyse unterzogen wird, wird die mögliche Doppelsinnigkeit des Terminus ‘Buchstabe’ im 17. Jahrhundert geklärt. Diese Analyse schließt Holders interessanten Gebrauch der hylomorphischen Unterscheidung zwischen ‘Stoff und ‘Form’ ein. Die Beschreibung der Vokale ist fast erwartungsgemäß weniger befriedigend als die der Konsonanten, aber seine phonetische Terminologie und sein allgemeiner Ansatz wäre in einer heutigen Einführung in die Phonetik kaum unangebracht. Holder verdiente es, mehr beachtet zu werden, sowohl wegen seines theoretischen Beitrags als auch seiner innovativen Techniken zur Unterrichtung der Gehörlosen.
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Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Isermann, Michael M.
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