Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 19:1 (1992) ► pp.25–56
Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) and the English origins of Algonkian linguistics
Published online: 1 January 1992
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.19.1.03sal
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.19.1.03sal
Summary
Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer whose scientific writings – had they not been allowed to remain in manuscript – would long ago have earned for him an international esteem comparable with that of Galileo and Kepler. Only in recent decades has his status been recognised by scientists, but not, so far, by linguists. Yet he was the first English traveller to North America known to have recorded an indigenous language, for which he devised a dictionary and a phonetic alphabet. He also recorded a large number of Algonkin words during his stay in North Carolina in 1585–86, some of which are found in the account of his travels which he published in 1588, more than fifty years before Roger Williams’s (1603?-1683) Key into the Language of America (1643), which has often been regarded as the first such work. The manuscripts of the dictionary and the phonetic alphabet were thought to be lost, until a few years ago a sketch of the phonetic alphabet was found; and in 1988 a detailed holograph copy came to light. The present paper, while describing this recent discovery, provides a brief survey of linguistic relationships between speakers of North Carolina Algonkin and English colonists between 1586 and the arrival of the Mayflower pilgrims in 1621, and traces Harriot’s influence on later 17th-century linguists.
Résumé
Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) fut un mathématicien et un astronome éminent dont les écrits scientifiques – s’ils n’étaient pas restés à l’état manuscrit – lui auraient valu une réputation internationale comparable à celle de Galileo et Kepler. Ce n’est que pendant les dernières décennies que son importance a été reconnue des scientifiques, mais pas encore des linguistes. Cependant, il apparaît que Harriot fut le premier voyageur anglais en Amérique du Nord à entreprendre de décrire une langue indigène, dont il développa un dictionnaire et un alphabet phonétique. Pendant son séjour en Caroline du Nord en 1585–86, il collectionna également un grand nombre de mots algonquins qu’il ajouta au recit de ses voyages publié en 1588, plus de cinquante ans avant la publication du livre de Roger Williams (1603?–1683), A Key into the Language of America (1643), qui souvent est considéré comme le premier ouvrage de ce genre. On avait cru longtemps que les manuscrits de ce dictionnaire et de cet alphabet phonétique étaient perdus. Ce n’est qu’il y a quelques années qu’une esquisse de cet alphabet phonétique fut trouvée, et, en 1988, tout un manuscrit. Dans le présent article, qui fait état de cette découverte récente, l’auteur donne un survol des rapports linguistiques entre les locuteurs de l’Algonquin de la Caroline du Nord et les colons anglais de 1586 à l’arrivé des pèlerins du Mayflower en 1621. Elle esquisse également l’influence ultérieure de Harriot sur les linguistes du XVIIe siècle.
Zusammenfassung
Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) war ein ausgezeichneter Mathematiker und Astronom, dessen wissenschaftliche Schriften – hätte man es nicht zugelassen, daß sie Manuskript blieben – ihm lange einen vergleichbaren Platz in den Annalen der Wissenschaften gewonnen hätte wie den eines Galilei oder eines Kepler. Erst in jüngerer Zeit ist sein Status von Wissenschaftlern anerkannt worden, jedoch bisher noch nicht von Linguisten. Und doch war er der erste englische Nordamerikareisende, der den Versuch unternahm, eine Eingeborenensprache zu beschreiben, für die er ein Wörterbuch und ein phonetisches Alphabet entwickelte. Während seines Aufenthalts in North Carolina in den Jahren 1585–86 nahm er ebenfalls eine ganze Reihe von Algonkinwörtern auf, von denen einige ihren Eingang in seinen Reisebericht gefunden haben, den er im Jahre 1588 veröffentlichte, mehr als fünfzig Jahre vor Roger Williams’ (1603?–1683) Key into the Language of America (1643), welches gewöhnlich als erste Veröffentlichung dieser Art gilt. Keine Handschrift des Wörterbuchs ist bisher belegt; auch das phonetische Alphabet galt bis vor ein paar Jahren als verloren. Dann aber wurde ein Entwurf davon aufgefunden; im Jahre 1988 schließlich kam ein ausführlicheres Autorenmanuskript zutage. Der vorliegende Aufsatz berichtet ausführlich über diese Entdeckung und gibt einen Überblick über den sprachlichen Verkehr zwischen den Algonkinern von Nord-Carolina und den englischen Kolonisten zwischen 1586 und der Ankunft der Mayflower Pilger im Jahre 1621 und zeichnet den späteren Einfluß Harriots’ auf Sprachwissenschaftler des 17. Jahrhunderts nach.
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