Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 17:1/2 (1990) ► pp.111–128
Wilhelm Von Humboldt and North American Ethnolinguistics
Boas (1894) to hymes (1961)
Published online: 1 January 1990
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.10koe
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.10koe
Summary
Noam Chomsky’s frequent references to the work of Wilhelm von Humboldt during the 1960s produced a considerable revival of interest in this 19th-century scholar in North America. This paper demonstrates that there has been a long-standing influence of Humboldt’s ideas on American linguistics and that no ‘rediscovery’ was required. Although Humboldt’s first contacts with North-American scholars goes back to 1803, the present paper is confined to the posthumous phase of his influence which begins with the work of Heymann Steinthal (1823–1899) from about 1850 onwards. This was also a time when many young Americans went to Germany to complete their education; for instance William Dwight Whitney (1827–1894) spent several years at the universities of Tübingen and Berlin (1850–1854), and in his writings on general linguistics one can trace Humboldtian ideas. In 1885 Daniel G. Brinton (1837–1899) published an English translation of a manuscript by Humboldt on the structure of the verb in Amerindian languages. A year later Franz Boas (1858–1942) arrived from Berlin soon to establish himself as the foremost anthropologist with a strong interest in native language and culture. From then on we encounter Humboldtian ideas in the work of a number of North American anthropological linguists, most notably in the work of Edward Sapir (1884–1939). This is not only true with regard to matters of language classification and typology but also with regard to the philosophy of language, specifically, the relationship between a particular language structure and the kind of thinking it reflects or determines on the part of its speakers. Humboldtian ideas of ‘linguistic relativity’, enunciated in the writings of Whitney, Brinton, Boas, and others, were subsequently developed further by Sapir’s student Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897–1941). The transmission of the so-called Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis – which still today is attracting interest among cultural anthropologists and social psychologists, not only in North America – is the focus of the remainder of the paper. A general Humboldtian approach to language and culture, it is argued, is still present in the work of Dell Hymes and several of his students.
Résumé
Les références que Noam Chomsky faisait dans ses écrits pendant les années soixante à l’oeuvre de Wilhelm von Humboldt ont conduit à un renouvellement de l’intérêt dans cet érudit du XIXe siècle en Amérique du Nord. Le présent article démontre qu’une ‘découverte’ de Humboldt n’était vraiment pas nécessaire étant donné qu’il existait une influence de longue date de ses idées sur la linguistique américaine. Quoique le premier contact de Humboldt avec des érudits américains remonte à 1803, le présent article ne traite que la phase posthume de cette influence, à partir de l’ouvrage de Heymann Steinthal (1823–1899) dès les années 1850. C’était également en ces temps-là qu’un grand nombre de jeunes américains venaient en Allemagne pour compléter leur éducation. William Dwight Whitney (1827–1894) par exemple a passé plusieurs années aux universités de Tubingue et de Berlin (1850–1854) et on trouve des idées humboldtiennes dans ses écrits sur la linguistique générale. En 1885 Daniel G. Brinton (1837–1899) publiait une traduction anglaise d’un essai de Humboldt sur le verbe dans les langues amérindiennes. Un an plus tard Franz Boas (1858–1942) arrivait de Berlin pour s’établir par la suite comme l’anthropologue de la culture et des langues des indigènes le plus influent. A partir de cette époque on peut retrouver des idées humboldtiennes dans les écrits des linguistes et anthropologues américains, en particulier chez Edward Sapir (1884–1939), l’élève de Boas le plus distingué. Cette influence ne se présente pas seulement dans la pratique linguistique, notamment la classification et la typologie des langues, mais également dans la philosophie du langage, surtout dans le débat concernant le rapport entre structure langagière et la manière de penser de la part des locuteurs d’une langue particulière. Ces idées humboldtiennes de la ‘relativité linguistique’ furent développées davantage par l’élève de Sapir, Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897–1941). La transmission de cette soi-di-sante ‘Hypothèse Sapir-Whorf’ – qui encore aujourd’hui attire l’intérêt des anthropologues culturels et des psychologues sociaux – est le sujet du reste de l’article, dans lequel il est proposé que l’approche au langage et à la culture chez Dell Hymes (né en 1927) et certains de ces élèleves remonte, jusqu’à un certain degré, à des idées humboldtiennes.
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