Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 14:3 (1987) ► pp.283–304
Jurjī Zaydān (1861-1914)
A Modernist in Arabic Linguistics
Published online: 1 January 1987
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.3.05saw
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.3.05saw
Summary
This article explores Jurjī Zaydān’s contribution to questions that the Arabic language was confronted with at the turn of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. These questions pertained to the capability of Arabic as a medium of communication, its appropriateness to express new ideas, and its suitability for use in education and for naming technological items borrowed from the West. As can be imagined, the pre-occupation of the Nahḍah Arab intellectuals with linguistic matters was immense. Nonetheless Zaydān’s contribution to these debates consists of constant writings in his magazine al-Hilāl (1892–1913), and two books that specifically dealt with linguistic matters.
Zaydān’s linguistic views were relevant to the on-going debate in many intellectual circles at that time. He had no doubts about the suitability of ‘simplified’ Classical Arabic in education as the case was proven at the Syrian Protestant College (now the American University of Beirut) in the 1860s. In order to fill the then existing vacuum, Zaydān took it as his responsibility to write (text)books in Arabic for use in Egyptian schools. The suitability of Arabic in education and the capability of the language to adapt itself to new situations was placed in a historical perspective by Zaydān. He argued that much as Arabic had adapted to new orders in the past, i.e., the rise of Islam (7th century), the translation period (9th-10th centuries), so can the language adapt itself to Western ‘imports’ at his time. Again, as if to prove his point and in order to bridge the gap between al-fuṣḥā and al-cÀmmiyyah, the language of the common people, Zaydān adopted a simple style in diction and syntax in his writings.
Zaydān, unlike many of his contemporary Arab scholars, followed in the footsteps of many Western scholars, both predating and contemporary to him, by equipping himself with knowledge of many languages, Eastern and Western, and by applying some of these scholars’ methodologies of investigation. In order for Arabic to accommodate new technologies and ideas, the language must be subject to changes, in Zaydān’s view, as it was subject to changes at the rise of Islam in the 7th century and during the 9th and 10th centuries when many translations into Arabic were made. Zaydān rejected calls for the use of dialects in writing, thus arguing that al-fuṣḥā, i.e., the Classical Arabic language, was a unifying bond among Arabic-speaking lands. Zaydān’s actual treatment of language matters are innovative for his time. Arabic, in his view, was subject to change and evolution, not static. He examined the language by placing it in a wider perspective, i.e., in its context in the Semitic family, and in its relations to other non-Semitic languages that Arabic had come in contact with at its varying stages of growth such as Persian and Turkish in the earlier centuries, and French and English in the 19th century. Zaydān’s use of comparative methodology is innovative compared to the ways of studying Arabic at his time. However, Zaydān’s views on language origin and development can be characterized by the criteria of our times as superficial.
Résumé
Cet article analyse la contribution de Jurjī Zaydān (1861–1914) aux problèmes que la langue arabe rencontra à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe, problèmes relatifs à sa capacité de communiquer, à son efficacité à exprimer de nouvelles idées et à sa fonction en tant que medium d’éducation capable de définir le langage technologique importé de l’Ouest. Comme on peut l’imaginer, les préoccupations linguistiques de l’intellectuel arabe pendant la Nahdah “renaissance” étaient immenses. Zaydān contribua au débat en écrivant dans son magazine al-Hilāl “le croissant” (1892–1913) et en publiant deux livres sur la linguistique.
Zaydān ne douta pas de la capacité éducatrice de l’arabe classique simplifié puisque cette Langue fut utilisée au Syrian Protestant College (Factuelle Université Américaine de Beyrouth) dans les années 1860. Zaydān publia des textes en arabe pour les écoles égyptiennes afin de combler le vide qui existait alors dans ce domaine. Il se basa sur une perspective historique pour montrer que l’arabe était capable de s’adapter à l’éducation ainsi qu’aux exigences des situations nouvelles. Dans le passé, la langue arabe s’était adaptée à l’Islam au septième siècle, et à la période des traductions des neuvième et dixième siècles. Elle pouvait donc s’adapter aux "importations" venues de l’Ouest. Afin de défendre sa position, Zaydān décida de faire la soudure entre al-fuṣḥa – la langue arabe classique – et al-cÀm-miyyah – la langue du peuple – et d’adopter un style simple dans ses écrits.
Zaydān, à l’encontre d’autres intellectuels arabes, suivit l’exemple de beaucoup d’intellectuels occidentaux: il accepta certaines de leurs méthodes et apprit plusieurs langues de l’Est et de l’Ouest. Selon Zaydān, il fallait modifier la langue arabe, comme elle le fut au septième siècle quand l’Islam apparut et aux neuvième et dixième siècles quand on traduit des textes en arabe, afin de l’adapter aux idées et aux technologies nouvelles. Zaydān refusa d’utiliser les dialectes dans ses écrits, car il considérait al-Fuṣḥa comme un lien unificateur entre les pays de langue arabe.
L’analyse linguistique de Zaydān représenta une importante innovation pour son époque. Selon Zaydān, la langue arabe était capable de changement et d’évolution, elle n’était pas statique. Il l’examina en la plaçant dans un contexte plus large: celui de la famille sémitique, et dans les relations qu’elle entretint durant ses différentes étapes de développement avec d’autres langues non-sémitiques, telles que le persan et le turc dans les siècles précédents, et le français et l’anglais durant le dix-neuvième siècle. La méthodologie comparée de Zaydān était innovatrice par rapport à celles qu’utilisaient ses contemporains; toutefois, jugées avec nos critères modernes, ses théories sur les origines et le développement de la langue restent superficielless.
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Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Rastegar, Kamran
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