Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 12:3 (1985) ► pp.321–349
Missionary linguistics in seventeenth century Ireland and a North American Analogy
Published online: 1 January 1985
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.12.3.02sal
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.12.3.02sal
Summary
Accounts of Christian missionary linguists in the 16th and 17th centuries are usually devoted to their achievements in the Americas and the Far East, and it is seldom remarked that, at the time when English Protestant missionaries were attempting to meet the challenge of unknown languages on the Eastern seaboard of North America, their fellow missionary-linguists were confronted with similar problems much nearer home – in Ireland, where the native language was quite as difficult as the Amerindian speech with which John Eliot and Roger Williams were engaged. Outside Ireland, few historians of linguistics have noted the extraordinarily interesting socio-linguistic situation in this period, when English Protestants and native-born Jesuits and Franciscans, revisiting their homeland covertly from abroad, did battle for the hearts and minds of the Irish-speaking population – nominally Catholic, but often so remote from contacts with their Mother Church that they seemed, to contemporary missionaries, to be hardly more Christian than the Amerindians. The linguistic problems of 16th-and 17th-century Ireland have often been discussed by historians dealing with attempts by Henry VIII and his successors to incorporate Ireland into a Protestant English state in respect of language, religion and forms of government, and during the 16th century various official initiatives were taken to convert the Irish to the beliefs of an English-speaking church. But it was in the 17th century that consistent and determined efforts were made by individual Englishmen, holding high ecclesiastical office in Ireland, to convert their nominal parishioners, not by forcing them to seek salvation via the English language, but to bring it to them by means of Irish-speaking ministers preaching the Gospel and reciting the Liturgy in their own vernacular. This paper describes the many parallels between the problems confronting Protestant missionaries in North America and these 17th-century Englishmen in Ireland, and – since the work of the American missions is relatively well-known – discusses in greater detail the achievements of missionary linguists in Ireland.
Résumé
Quand on traite des linguistes missionaires des XVIe et XVIIe siècles, c’est généralement pout parler de leurs travaux aux Amériques et en Extrême-Orient; et l’on remarque rarement qu’à l’époque où les missionaires protestants anglais tentaient de relever le défi des langues inconnues de la côte est de l’Amérique du Nord, leurs confrères en linguistique missionnaire se trouvaient confrontés à des problèmes analogues bien plus près du pays natal: en Irlande, où la langue locale était tout aussi difficile que l’idiome améridien auquel s’attaquaient John Eliot et Roger Williams. En dehors de l’Irlande, il n’y a guère d’historiens de la linguistique qui aient remarqué la situation socio-linguistique extrêmement intéressante de cette époque où des Protestants anglais et des Jésuites et Franciscains de couche autochtone, qui, de l’étranger, reviennent en secret au pays, mènent bataille pour conquérir les coeurs et les âmes de la population de langue irlandaise, catholique nominalement, mais souvent si coupée de l’Eglise mère qu’elle semblait aux missionaires de l’époque à peine plus chrétienne que les tribus amérindiennes. Les problèmes linguistiques de l’Irlande des XVIe et XVIIe siècles ont été souvent discutés par les historiens à propos des tentatives d’Henri VIII qui visaient à intégrer l’Irlande dans un Etat anglais protestant aux points de vue langue, religion et formes de gouvernement; et le XVIe siècle connut mainte initiative officielle en vue de convertir les Irlandais aux croyances d’une Eglise de langue anglaise. Mais c’est au XVIIIe siècle que des efforts cohérents et déterminés furent entrepris par des Anglais, titulaires de hautes charges ecclésiastiques en Irlande, afin de convertir leurs paroissiens nominaux, non pas en les forçant à chercher le salut via la langue anglaise, mais en le leur apportant par l’intermédiaire de ministres parlant irlandais, prêchant l’Evangile et célébrant la liturgie dans leur idiome. Le présent article décrit les nombreux parallèles existant entre les problèmes qui se posaient aux missionnaires protestantsen Amérique du Nord et aux Anglais du XVIIe siècle en Irlande; et puisque l’oeuvre des missions américaines est relativement bien connue, on s’attardera ici spécialement sur les travaux des linguistes missionnaires en Irlande.
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Cited by three other publications
Koerner, Konrad
Barnard, T. C.
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