Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 12:1/2 (1985) ► pp.27–62
John Palsgrave’s ‘Lesclaircissement De La Langue Francoyse’ (1530)
Published online: 1 January 1985
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.12.1-2.03kib
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.12.1-2.03kib
Summary
John Palsgrave, an Englishman, wrote the first detailed grammar of the French language, Lesclaircissement de la langue francoyse (1530). This work is remarkable not only for its length but also for its quality. Palsgrave wrote a pedagogical text for his English readers, using a system which leads the learner from the development of passive skills (interpretation, both oral andintellectual, of written texts) to the development of active skills (expressing oneself in the target language). At the same time, he responded to the French Humanist desire to bring the vernacular languages under the control of ‘rules certayne’.
In its grammatical method, Lesclaircissement exemplifies a stage in the development of Humanist grammar, as the Renaissance grammarians moved from a method based on forms to a more abstract representation of linguistic facts. As such, Palsgrave’s work stands half-way between the early Renaissance calques upon Donatus and the later excursions into logical grammar. In phonetics, Palsgrave’s attention to detail leads him to a clear recognition of the importance of nasal vowels in French (even if his articulatory description of the nasal vowels leaves something to be desired). In phonology, he aspires to a greater level of abstraction through his attempts to link liaison and elision phenomena to French phonotactics. In morpho-syntax, he uses the notion of perfection in language to provide an underlying structure in which the syntactic and the logical structure are explicit. He then explains how the languages in question ‘circumlocute’ to express the underlying structures. In this way, he prefigures the work of Meigret in French grammar. For all of his accomplishments, however, Palsgrave’s work had little influence on his successors. It had only one printing of 750 copies, and Palsgrave himself restricted the sales. Still, the work deserves our attention because of its wealth of detail and because of the method it uses.
Résumé
L’Anglais John Palsgrave composa la première grammaire détaillée de la langue française, Lesclaircissement de la langue francoyse (1530). C’est une oeuvre remarquable, non seulement par sa taille, mais aussi par la finesse des ses descriptions grammaticales. Palsgrave écrivit un manuel destiné aux anglophones, suivant une méthodologie pédagogique qui mène l’étudiant de l’interprétation orale des textes écrits à l’expression personnelle. En même temps, il répondit à l’appel des humanistes français de fixer les règles des langues modernes.
Par sa méthode grammaticale, Lesclaircissement marque une étape dans le développement de la grammaire humaniste, une étape où les grammairiens essaient de décrire les faits linguistiques d’une façon plus abstraite. L’oeuvre de Palsgrave se trouve au mi-point du chemin entre les calques de Donat et les débuts de la grammaire logique. En phonétique, son étude minutieuse le mène à reconnaître l’importance des voyelles nasales en français (même si sa description articulatoire des voyelles nasales laisse à désirer). En phonologie, il cherche un niveau d’abstraction plus élevé, en essayant d’employer les règles phonotactiques pour décrire la liaison et l’elision en français. En morphosyntaxe, il décrit un niveau logique sous-jacent, en jugeant la ‘perfection’ des structures linguistiques des deux langues. De cette manière, son oeuvre préfigure celle de Meigret (1550). Quelque brillant que Leclaircissement fût, il eut peu d’influence. On n’en tira que 750 exemplaires, et Palsgrave lui-même en garda la plupart. Neanmoins, les détails et la méthode de cette oeuvre méritent notre attention.
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Cited by three other publications
Liddle, Michel H. W.
1992. For to Speke Frenche Trewely. The French Language in England, 1000–1600: its status, description and instruction. Par Douglas A. Kibbee. Historiographia Linguistica 19:1 ► pp. 162 ff.
Kibbee, Douglas A.
1990. Language variation and linguistic description in 16th-century France. Historiographia Linguistica 17:1-2 ► pp. 49 ff.
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