Article In: Historiographia Linguistica: Online-First Articles
A corpus-based network analysis of onomastic references in 16th- and 17th century British grammar writing
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Abstract
The present study investigates who was considered authoritative in matters of language in the 16th and 17th
centuries as well as how grammar authors position themselves with respect to these authorities. It evaluates whether a shift in
referencing norms may already be observed from the 16th to the 17th century in these regards.
As it is claimed that in England the 16th century marks the beginning of English grammar writing (McCarthy, Michael. 2020. Innovations
and Challenges in
Grammar. London: Routledge. : 19–20) and the 17th century saw a shift in favour of English being
recognized as a separate academic discipline (Beal, Joan C. 2004. English in Modern
Times. London: Arnold.: 102), one can ask if and how
onomastic — that is, name-based — references, appear in those grammars and how they can be categorized.
One of the findings of this study is that the onomastic references found in the 16th- and 17th-century grammars
can be categorized along the six semantic categories suggested in previous work for 19th-century grammars (. 2020. “A
Corpus-Based Analysis of Grammarians’ References in 19th-Century British Grammars”. Variation
in Time and Space: Observing the world through corpora ed. by Anna Čermáková & Markéta Malá, 133–172. Berlin: De Gruyter. : 11–12). These include, for example, quotations, opinions, or mere mentions. To account
for a possible shift in reference strategies over time, these semantic categories were reevaluated by means of inter-rater
reliability (IRR) in the 16th- and 17th-century context.
Our main findings show that while some 16th-century authors put emphasis on Latinate authors, others embrace
moving away from the Latinate approach by not referring to the established Latinate authorities at all or only rarely. A
significant shift in onomastic referencing can be observed from the 16th to the 17th century, however the Latinate authorities
still held significant ground in the 18th century grammar texts.
Résumé
Cette étude examine qui était considéré comme faisant autorité en matière de langue en Grande-Bretagne aux
XVIe et XVIIe siècles, ainsi que la manière dont les auteurs de grammaires se positionnent par rapport à ces autorités. Elle
évalue si un changement dans les normes de référence peut déjà être observé entre le XVIe et le XVIIe siècle à cet égard. Comme on
affirme qu’en Angleterre, le XVIe siècle marque le début de la rédaction de grammaires anglaises (McCarthy, Michael. 2020. Innovations
and Challenges in
Grammar. London: Routledge. : 19–20) et que le XVIIe siècle a vu un changement en faveur de la reconnaissance de
l’anglais comme discipline académique distincte (Beal, Joan C. 2004. English in Modern
Times. London: Arnold.: 102), on peut se demander
si et comment les références onomastiques, c’est-à-dire faisant référence à des noms propres, apparaissent dans ces grammaires et
comment elles peuvent être classées. L’une des conclusions de cette étude est que les références onomastiques trouvées dans les
grammaires des XVIe et XVIIe siècles peuvent être classées selon les six catégories sémantiques proposées dans des travaux
antérieurs sur les grammaires du XIXe siècle (. 2020. “A
Corpus-Based Analysis of Grammarians’ References in 19th-Century British Grammars”. Variation
in Time and Space: Observing the world through corpora ed. by Anna Čermáková & Markéta Malá, 133–172. Berlin: De Gruyter. : 11–12). Il s’agit par
exemple de citations, d’opinions ou de simples mentions. Afin de tenir compte d’un éventuel changement dans les stratégies de
référence au fil du temps, ces catégories sémantiques ont été réévaluées en calculant leur fiabilité inter-évaluateurs (IRR) pour
les grammaires des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Nos principales conclusions montrent que si certains auteurs du XVIe siècle se
concentrent sur les auteurs latins, d’autres s’éloignent de l’approche latine en ne faisant aucune ou très rarement référence aux
autorités latines établies. Alors qu’on observe un changement significatif dans les références onomastiques entre le XVIe et le
XVIIe siècle, les autorités latines occupaient toujours une place importante dans les textes grammaticaux du XVIIIe siècle.
Zusammenfassung
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, wer im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert als Autorität in Sprachfragen galt und wie
sich die Grammatikautoren gegenüber diesen Autoritäten positionieren. Sie bewertet, ob in dieser Hinsicht bereits vom 16. zum 17.
Jahrhundert eine Verschiebung der Referenznormen zu beobachten ist. Da 16. Jahrhundert oft als der Beginn der englischen
Grammatikschreibung in England markiert wird (McCarthy, Michael. 2020. Innovations
and Challenges in
Grammar. London: Routledge. : 19–20) und im 17.
Jahrhundert eine Verschiebung zugunsten der Anerkennung des Englischen als eigenständige akademische Disziplin stattfand (Beal, Joan C. 2004. English in Modern
Times. London: Arnold.: 102), kann man sich fragen, ob und wie onomastische-also auf Namen
basierende-Verweise in diesen Grammatiken vorkommen und wie sie kategorisiert werden können. Eine Erkenntniss dieser Studie ist,
dass die in den Grammatiken des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts gefundenen onomastischen Referenzen anhand der sechs semantischen
Kategorien eingeordnet werden können, die in früheren Arbeiten für Grammatiken des 19. Jahrhunderts herausgearbeitet wurden (. 2020. “A
Corpus-Based Analysis of Grammarians’ References in 19th-Century British Grammars”. Variation
in Time and Space: Observing the world through corpora ed. by Anna Čermáková & Markéta Malá, 133–172. Berlin: De Gruyter. : 11–12). Dazu gehören beispielsweise Zitate, Meinungen oder bloße
Erwähnungen. Um eine mögliche Veränderung der Referenzstrategien im Laufe der Zeit zu beachten, wurden diese semantischen
Kategorien anhand der Interrater-Reliabilität (IRR) im Kontext des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts neu bewertet. Unsere wichtigsten
Ergebnisse zeigen, dass einige Autoren des 16. Jahrhunderts den Schwerpunkt auf lateinische Autoren legten, während andere sich
von diesem Ansatz entfernten, indem sie sich überhaupt nicht oder nur selten auf die etablierten lateinischen Autoritäten bezogen.
Vom 16. bis zum 17. Jahrhundert ist eine signifikante Verschiebung in der onomastischen Referenzierung zu beobachten, jedoch
hatten die lateinischen Autoritäten auch in den Grammatiktexten des 18. Jahrhunderts noch einen bedeutenden Stellenwert.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.English grammar writing
- 2.1Defining grammar
- 2.2Previous work on 19th-century English grammars
- 2.3The character of 16th- and 17th-century English grammars
- 3.Method
- 3.1Corpus design
- 3.2Corpus compilation
- 3.3Working with historical (corpus) data
- 3.4Extracting onomastic references using corpus and network analysis
- 4.Results
- 4.1Categories of persons
- 4.2Network visualization
- 4.3Network observations
- 4.4Frequency observations
- 4.4.1Distrubution of person types
- 4.4.2Distribution of reference categories
- 5.Conclusions and outlook
- Acknowledgements
- Author queries
References 16th-Century Corpus Data 17th-Century Corpus Data
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