Article published In: The History of Chinese Linguistics in East and West
Edited by Otto Zwartjes
[Historiographia Linguistica 51:1-3] 2024
► pp. 90–129
Exploring Chinese compound words in the anonymous Breve compendio del vocabulario de compuestos en lengua mandarina and other Western missionary dictionaries
Published online: 22 April 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00173.zuo
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00173.zuo
Abstract
This article analyzes the anonymous and undated dictionary Breve compendio del vocabulario de compuestos
en lengua mandarina, a work that was most likely written by a Dominican. The Dominicans not only compiled bilingual
dictionaries translating from Spanish to Chinese but also from Chinese to Spanish. The dictionaries attributed to Francisco Díaz
contain Chinese characters, with each lemma featuring a single character, arranged alphabetically according to the romanization of
these characters. The lemmas often include examples in which these characters appear in combination with others. These
polysyllabic examples were referred to at the time as complexos or compuestos. The Breve
compendio, as the title indicates, is a dictionary aimed to include exclusively these so-called
compuestos. This article is a first attempt to analyze these compuestos. What criteria did
the author use to select these compuestos? What were his pedagogical-didactic intentions? Finally, we will
compare a selection of lemmas with two versions of Francisco Díaz’s Vocabulario de letra China, and one version
of Basilio Brollo’s Dictionarium Sinico-Latinum to gain a better understanding of the diffusion of knowledge in
the field of Western bilingual lexicography in China.
Résumé
Cet article analyse le dictionnaire anonyme et non daté intitulé Breve compendio del vocabulario de
compuestos en lengua mandarina, un ouvrage qui selon toute vraisemblance a été écrit par un Dominicain. Les
Dominicains ont compilé des dictionnaires bilingues fournissant non seulement des traductions de l’espagnol vers le chinois, mais
aussi du chinois vers l’espagnol. Les dictionnaires attribués à Francisco Díaz contiennent des caractères chinois suivant l’ordre
alphabétique correspondant à leur romanisation, avec un caractère par lemme. Les lemmes comportent souvent des exemples où ces
caractères sont combinés à d’autres. Ces exemples polysyllabiques étaient appelés à l’époque complexos ou
compuestos. Le Breve compendio, comme le titre l’indique, a été conçu pour comprendre
exclusivement les susdits compuestos. Cet article est une première tentative d’analyse de ces
compuestos. Quels critères l’auteur a-t-il employés pour les sélectionner ? Quelles étaient ses intentions en
matière de pédagogie ou didactique ? Nous terminons par une comparaison d’un échantillon de lemmes avec deux versions du
Vocabulario de letra China de Francisco Díaz et une version du Dictionarium Sinico-Latinum
de Basilio Brollo, dans le but de mieux comprendre comment s’est effectuée la diffusion des connaissances dans le domaine de la
lexicographie bilingue occidentale en Chine.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit dem anonymen und undatierten Wörterbuch Breve compendio del
vocabulario de compuestos en lengua mandarina, das höchstwahrscheinlich von einem Dominikaner verfasst wurde. Die
Dominikaner erstellten nicht nur zweisprachige Wörterbücher, die vom Spanischen ins Chinesische, sondern auch solche, die vom
Chinesischen ins Spanische übersetzten. Die Francisco Díaz zugeschriebenen Wörterbücher enthalten chinesische Schriftzeichen, die
alphabetisch nach ihrer romanisierten Form angeordnet sind, wobei jedem Lemma ein einziges chinesisches Schriftzeichen zugeordnet
wird. Die Lemmata enthalten oft Beispiele, in denen diese Schriftzeichen miteinander kombiniert werden; solche mehrsilbigen
Beispiele wurden als Complexos oder Compuestos bezeichnet. Das Breve compendio
ist, wie bereits aus dem Titel hervorgeht, ein Wörterbuch, das ausschließlich Compuestos enthalten soll. Der
vorliegende Artikel stellt einen ersten Versuch dar, diese Compuestos zu analysieren und die Frage zu
beantworten, nach welchen Kriterien und mit welchen pädagogisch-didaktischen Absichten die Compuestos ausgewählt
wurden. Abschließend werden einige Lemmata im Breve compendio und in zwei Fassungen des Vocabulario de
letra China von Francisco Díaz sowie einer Fassung des Dictionarium Sinico-Latinum von Basilio
Brollo miteinander verglichen, um besser zu verstehen, wie sich das Wissen im Bereich der westlichen zweisprachigen Lexikographie
in China verbreitet hat.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.The ‘cabecillas’
- 3.Words and ‘compounds’
- 4.Selection of ten compounds in the Breve compendio: Analysis and comparison with corresponding lemmas in Díaz (Jagiel. and the
Leiden manuscript)
- 4.1Chāi 灾 (pinyin: Zāi)
- 4.2Chào 早 (zǎo)
- 4.3çhēngͨ (撑) (chēng)
- 4.4Fǎ 法 (fǎ)
- 4.5Fuēn 分 (fēn)
- Fuén 分 (fèn)
- 4.6Gò 我 (wǒ)
- 4.7Hân 寒 (hán)
- 4.8Kànͨ 斫 (kǎn)
- 4.9Kaͨń 看 (kàn) and (4.10) Kānͨ
- 5.The Portuguese connection
- 6.Summary and discussion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (31)
A. Primary sources
Anonymous. 17th century
(?). Breve compendio del vocabulario de compuestos en lengua
Mandarina. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Digilatisierte Sammlungen, MS Libri sin. 30b. Avaliable at: 〈[URL]〉
. 17th
century (?). Thesaurus rarissimus, in quo explicantur ultra 10000. Characteres Chinensium
lingua Hispan. in fol. chart. Serica. Bodleian Library, MS Marsh 111.
. 17th
century. Dizionario Cinese-Portoghese. Central National Library of Rome Ms. Or. 173.
. 1702. Vocabulario de lengua Mandarina. [This title appears on the first page,
whereas the title on the cover: Vocabularium Sinense-Hispanicum]. Ms, Genova: Biblioteca Universitaria, ms E.1.19.
. 17th century (?). >中葡辭彙 [Zhongpu
cihui, in the catalogue it appears as Chung-P’u
tzu-hui]. (Chinese-Portuguese vocabulary). Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (ARSI), Jap.
Sin. IV1, 7. 〈[URL]〉
Basilio Brollo. 1710. Dictionarium
Sinico-Latinum. Ms Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Libri sin. 2311. This version of Brollo’s dictionary is attributed
to Juan Fernández Serrano. 〈[URL]〉
Díaz, Francisco. c.1640–1642. Vocabulario
de letra China com la explication castellana hecho con gran propriedad y abvndancia de
palabras. Ms. Berol. Ms. Sin 13. Hisz., chin., XVII
w. Jagiellońska Library of Kraków. Available
at: 〈[URL]〉
. c.1640–1642. [Vocabulario
de letra China con la explicación castellana hecho con gran propiedad y abundancia de palabras por el Padre Don Francisco
Diaz de la Orden de Predicadores ministro incansable en esto Reyno de
China]. Leiden: University Library, Ms Acad. 229. Undated, according to the catalogue 18th century. Available
at: 〈[URL]〉
. c.1644
(?). Modo para proponer la Ley de Dios a los infieles en lengua
mandarina. MS Berliner Staatsbibliothek (Ms. Sinica
25). Alternative title: wen zui zheng
gui. Available at: 〈[URL]〉
Morales, Juan Bautista de. 1743 [ca. 1640]. Die januarii Rmus. P.
Joseph Ceru, ut Bibliothecam uberius dictaret, opusculum hoc P. Fr. Johannis Baptae. Morales, Ord. Praed. Vicarii
Chekiang, eidem donavit. Est Manuale pro missionariis in Sinis Concedentibus in re tam sacra dificillimam mandarinorum
linguam perdiscant et adhibeant; unde ejusdem exemplar sibi aut parant aut comparant. Haec ex laudato Patre Cerú, qui
praesenti exemplari in Sinis usus
est. Rome: Casanatense Ms 2204.
Varo, Francisco. May 20, 1670. Vocabulario
da lingoa Mandarina ordenado por el R.R. P[adr]e Fr. Fr[ancis]co Varo da orden dos
Pregadores. Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana. Borg. Cin. 420. This version has a
preface.
. 2006
[between 1677–1687]. Vocabulario de la lengua Mandarina con el estilo y vocablos con que se habla
sin elegancia. Compuesto por el Padre fray — ord. Pred. Ministro de China consumado en esta lengua escriuese guardando el
orden del A.B. c.d. Ed. W. South Coblin: Francisco Varo’s
Glossary of the Mandarin Language. Vol. I1: An
English and Chinese Annotation of the Vocabulario de la Lengua
Mandarina. Vol. II1: Pinyin and English Index of
the Vocabulario de la Lengua Mandarina. (= Monumenta Serica Monograph Series,
vols. LIII/1 and LIII/2.) Nettetal: Sankt Augustin. Edition based on two manuscript versions that do not have a preface: (1) and British Library (Sloan 3419) and (2) Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (Libr. Sin. 29). Available at: 〈[URL]〉
. 2000
[1703]. Arte de la lengua mandarina compuesto por el M.Ro. Pe — de la sagrada
Orden de N.P.S. Domingo, acrecentado, y reducido a mejor forma, por No H. fr. Pedro de la Piñuela P[redicad]or
y Comisario Prov[incial] de la Mission Serafica de China. Añadiose un Confessionario muy vtil, y provechoso para alivio de
los nueos Ministros. Canton: [publisher unknown] ed. by W. South Coblin & Joseph A. Levi: Francisco Varo’s
Grammar of the Mandarin Language (1703). An English translation of ‘Arte de la lengua
mandarina’. With an Introduction by Sandra Breitenbach. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. [= Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, vol.
93). [Facsimile of Ms 1682, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana R. G. Oriente III, 246 int.
7.]
B. Secondary sources
Bussotti, Michela. 2023. “«Not
Only Brollo». Manuscripts of bilingual Chinese dictionaries and their layout”. Mastering
Languages, Taming the World. The production and circulation of European dictionaries and lexicons of Asian languages (16th
– 19th centuries) ed. by Michela Bussotti & François Lachaud. (= Études
thématiques,
35), 217–268. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.
Döhla, Hans-Jörg. 2025. “The
Bocabulario de la Lengua Sangleya por las Letras del A.B.C. (Manila, ca. 1617): Structure, contents,
function”. [in this volumen].
González Linaje, María Teresa. 2023. “Chinese Culture in the
Shadows: Spanish contributions through manuscript dictionaries of Chinese, 17th and 18th
centuries”. Mastering Languages, Taming the World. The production and circulation of
European dictionaries and lexicons of Asian languages (16th – 19th centuries) ed.
by Michela Bussotti & François Lachaud. (= Études
thématiques,
35), 175–206. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.
Huiling, Yang. 2023. “Chinese
Lexical Traditions in Basilio Brollo’s Dictionarium
Sinico-Latinum”. Mastering Languages, Taming the World. The production and
circulation of European dictionaries and lexicons of Asian languages (16th – 19th centuries) ed.
by Michela Bussotti & François Lachaud. (= Études
thématiques,
35), 269–316. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.
Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson. 1989. Mandarin
Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley, Los Angeles & London: University of California Press.
Packard, Jerome L. 2000. The Morphology of Chinese: A
linguistic and cognitive
approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Panganiban, José Villa. 1969. Diksyunaryo-Tesauro:
Pilipino-Ingles. Lungsod ng Quezon: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
Raini, Emanuele. 2010. Sistemi
di romanizzazione del cinese mandarino nei secoli XVI–XVIII. Unpublished Ph. D.
Thesis, Studi Asiatici, XXII ciclo, Facoltà di Studi Orientali, Sapienza– Università di Roma.
. 2025a, forthcoming. “Early
Manuscript Chinese-European Dictionaries: A glimpse into the Cross-Linguistic Minds of Their
Authors”. Polyglossia, Teaching and Contact across Early Modern Europe and
Asia ed. by D. Montini et al. (= Polyglot
Encounters in Early Modern Britain
Series). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
. 2025b, forthcoming. “Mysteries
of a Bello Vocabulario. Investigation into an anonymous Chinese-Portuguese
dictionary”.
Rui, Li. 2025. The
connection between the Thesaurus rarissimus (Marsh 111) and the Dictionnaire Chinois &
François (1670), the first printed Chinese dictionary in Europe”. [in this
volume].
Sima Qian. 1959. “Biography of Xiang Yu (>史记·项羽本纪 Shiji, Xiang Yu
Benji)”. Records of the Grand Historian: The Annals of Xiang
Yu. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
Vedal, Nathan. 2019. “China,
c. 600-c. 1700”. The Cambridge World History of Lexicography ed.
by John Considine, 109-129. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Xigui Qiu. 2000 [1988]. Chinese
Writing. Trans. by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman. [Originally
published in 1988]. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California
Zwartjes, Otto. 2018. “Missionary
Dictionaries”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics ed.
by Mark Aronoff. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 3 Feb. 2025, from 〈[URL]〉
. 2024. Missionary
Grammars and Dictionaries of Chinese: The Contribution of Seventeenth Century Spanish
Dominicans. (= Studies in the History of Language Sciences,
131). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Zwartjes, Otto & Paolo De Troia. 2025, forthcoming. “Second
Language Teaching of Chinese: The Proverbs (‘Adagios’) as a Learning Tool in the Instruction of Chinese by
Seventeenth-century Spanish Dominicans”. Polyglossia, Teaching and Contact across Early
Modern Europe and Asia ed. by D. Montini et al. (= Polyglot
Encounters in Early Modern Britain
Series). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
