Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 52:1 (2025) ► pp.41–62
The Dictionary of American Regional English and the idea of dialect
Published online: 14 March 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00171.ada
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00171.ada
Summary
Though originally conceived as an American dialect dictionary, on the model of the English Dialect
Dictionary, the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) is significantly
different from its predecessors, as well as theoretically and technically distinct from the dictionary the American Dialect
Society thought its members would compile. DARE marks the transition from traditional dialectology to a more
fluid approach to documenting and mapping variation in the second half of the twentieth century. Frederic G. Cassidy, who planned
DARE and was its original chief editor, began to doubt the usefulness of the concept dialect in the
1940s, preferring to think of variation as regional, as reflected in the dictionary’s title. Regional variation resists
isoglosses and reified dialect areas and instead distributes usage differently word by word, wherever the evidence leads, outliers
and all. Cassidy’s innovations represent reactions both to his reading of William Dwight Whitney on dialect and to treatment of
dialect in Leonard Bloomfield’s Language (. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt.). Cassidy’s new way of
analyzing and representing variation converged with those developed in American sociolinguistics of the same period.
Résumé
Bien qu’il ait été originellement conçu comme un dictionnaire des dialectes de l’américain, sur le modèle de
l’English Dialect Dictionary, le Dictionary of American Regional English
(DARE) diffère de manière significative de ses prédécesseurs, de même qu’il s’écarte, sur les plans théorique
et technique, du dictionnaire que les membres de l’American Dialect Society s’imaginaient voir composer. DARE
marque la transition de la dialectologie traditionnelle vers une approche plus fluide de la documentation et de la cartographie de
la variation dans la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle. Frederic G. Cassidy, qui élabora le projet DARE et en
fut le directeur de publication initial, commença, dans les années 1940, à douter de l’utilité du concept de dialecte,
auquel il préféra celui de variation regionale, comme en témoigne le titre du dictionnaire. La variation régionale refuse
les isoglosses et la réification des aires dialectales, et propose en leur place une représentation de l’usage distribuée mot par
mot, et ce quelle que soit la direction prise par les données, y compris les valeurs déviantes et autres. Les innovations de
Cassidy constituent une réaction aux thèses de William Dwight Whitney sur le dialecte et au traitement de la même notion par
Leonard Bloomfield dans Language (. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt.). La manière d’analyser et de
représenter la variation inaugurée par Cassidy converge avec les approches élaborées par la sociolinguistique américaine de la
même époque.
Zusammenfassung
Obwohl das Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) ursprünglich als
amerikanisches Dialektwörterbuch nach dem Vorbild des English Dialect Dictionary konzipiert wurde, unterscheidet
es sich erheblich von seinen Vorgängern. Nicht nur weicht DARE in theoretischer und technischer Hinsicht von dem
Wörterbuch ab, das die American Dialect Society ursprünglich geplant hatte, sondern es markiert darüber hinaus den Übergang von
der traditionellen Dialektologie zu einem flüssigeren Ansatz der Dokumentation und Kartierung von Variation in der zweiten Hälfte
des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Frederic G. Cassidy, der den Plan für DARE entwarf und dessen ursprünglicher
Chefredakteur er war, begann in den 1940er Jahren an der Nützlichkeit des Konzepts ‚Dialekt’ Zweifel zu hegen. Variation fasste er
als ‚regional’ auf, was sich auch im Titel des Wörterbuchs widerspiegelt. Regionale Variation ist mit Isoglossen und der
Hypostasierung van Dialektgebieten unvereinbar, vielmehr stellt sie sich als mannigfaltige Distribution von einzelnen Wörtern im
Sprachgebrauch dar, wo immer die Belege herstammen, Ausreißer einbegriffen. Mit seinen innovativen Einsichten reagierte Cassidy
einerseits auf die Behandlung von ‚Dialekt’ in den Arbeiten von William Dwight Whitney sowie in Leonard Bloomfields
Language (. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt.), andererseits konvergierten seine neuartige
Analyse und Darstellung von Variation mit Methoden, die zu derselben Zeit in der amerikanischen Soziolinguistik entwickelt
wurden.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.The committee of three and the founding of DARE
- 3.Whitney and the defensible criticism of terminology
- 4.Bloomfield’s dots, isoglosses, and DARE
- 5.Conclusion
- Notes
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