Article published In: The History of Chinese Linguistics in East and West
Edited by Otto Zwartjes
[Historiographia Linguistica 51:1-3] 2024
► pp. 151–176
The case of rén 仁 in early Chinese-European dictionaries
Implications for the comparative study of a specific entry
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Published online: 17 March 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00168.mar
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00168.mar
Abstract
When missionaries first arrived in China, they encountered important challenges in translating Chinese terms into
Western languages and Christian concepts into Chinese. This complex process involved numerous contributors over time, leading to
translational choices that were often revised as they proved inadequate. The journey of translation varied in complexity for
different terms. Mandarin-European dictionaries compiled by missionaries provide valuable insights into these processes. These
dictionaries capture the definitions of Chinese characters at specific historical moments, reflecting the authors’ intentions. This article examines the character ren 仁, central to Chinese philosophy, to illustrate
how comparing entries in Chinese-European dictionaries reveals insights into both the history of the dictionaries and the
translation processes. We analyze ren’s definitions in various lexicographic sources, from early Sino-Portuguese
dictionaries by Jesuits to Mandarin-Spanish dictionaries by Dominicans, and finally to the Dictionarium
Sinico-Latinum by Franciscan Basilio Brollo (1648–1704). This comparative analysis highlights differences and
connections between dictionaries, assesses their informative value regarding authorship and dating, and explores the missionaries’
diverse translation strategies.
Résumé
Lorsque les missionnaires sont arrivés en Chine, ils ont rencontré des défis majeurs dans la traduction des
termes chinois en langues occidentales et des concepts chrétiens en chinois. Ce processus complexe a impliqué de nombreux
contributeurs au fil du temps, conduisant à des choix de traduction souvent révisés lorsqu’ils s’avéraient inadéquats. La
difficulté de la traduction variait selon les termes. Les dictionnaires sino-européens compilés par les missionnaires offrent un
aperçu précieux de ces processus. Les définitions qu’ils fournissent des cararactères chinois sont liées à des moments historiques
précis et reflètent les intentions de leurs auteurs. Cet article examine le caractère ren (仁), central dans la philosophie chinoise, pour illustrer comment
la comparaison des entrées des dictionnaires sino-européens permet d’éclairer à la fois l’histoire de ces dictionnaires et les
processus de traduction. Nous analysons les définitions de ren dans différentes sources lexicographiques, des
premiers dictionnaires sino-portugais des jésuites aux dictionnaires mandarin-espagnol des dominicains, jusqu’au
Dictionarium Sinico-Latinum du franciscain Basilio Brollo (1648–1704). Cette analyse comparative met en
évidence les différences et les liens entre ces dictionnaires, évalue leur valeur informative quant à l’attribution et à la
datation, et explore les diverses stratégies de traduction adoptées par les missionnaires.
Zusammenfassung
Als die Missionare erstmals nach China kamen, standen sie vor großen Herausforderungen bei der Übersetzung
chinesischer Begriffe in westliche Sprachen und christlicher Konzepte ins Chinesische. An diesem komplexen Prozess, der sich über
lange Zeiträume erstreckte, waren zahlreiche Akteure beteiligt, was zu Übersetzungsentscheidungen führte, die oft revidiert
wurden, wenn sie sich als unzureichend erwiesen. Die Schwierigkeit der Übersetzung variierte je nach Begriff. Von Missionaren
erstellte chinesisch-europäische Wörterbücher bieten wertvolle Einblicke in diese Prozesse. Sie halten die Definitionen
chinesischer Schriftzeichen zu bestimmten historischen Zeitpunkten fest und spiegeln so die Absichten der Autoren wider. Dieser Artikel untersucht das
Schriftzeichen ren (仁), das eine
zentrale Rolle in der chinesischen Philosophie spielt, um zu zeigen, wie der Vergleich von Einträgen in chinesisch-europäischen
Wörterbüchern sowohl Einblicke in die Geschichte dieser Wörterbücher als auch in die Übersetzungsprozesse bietet. Wir analysieren
die Definitionen von ren in verschiedenen lexikografischen Quellen, von den frühen sino-portugiesischen
Wörterbüchern der Jesuiten über die mandarin-spanischen Wörterbücher der Dominikaner bis hin zum Dictionarium
Sinico-Latinum des Franziskaners Basilio Brollo (1648–1704). Diese vergleichende Analyse hebt Unterschiede und
Verbindungen zwischen den Wörterbüchern hervor, bewertet ihren informativen Wert in Bezug auf Urheberschaft und Datierung und
untersucht die unterschiedlichen Übersetzungsstrategien der Missionare.
Article outline
- 1.The comparative study of significant terms in Sino-European dictionaries
- 2.Significance of the philosophical/ religious field in missionary sources
- 3.Case-study of ren 仁
- 4.Ren in early Jesuit dictionaries
- 5.Ren in early Dominican dictionaries
- 6.Ren in Brollo’s dictionaries
- 7.Parallel interpretations of ren in Ricci and Brollo
- 8.Conclusive remarks
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
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