Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 48:1 (2021) ► pp.1–24
On the four grades / four calls of Chinese rime tables
Published online: 24 August 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00085.orl
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00085.orl
Summary
The present paper seeks to discuss and clarify the notions of ‘Grades’ and ‘Calls’ of traditional Chinese rime tables, which are commonly related to the presence or absence of glides, and continue to be taken as a basis for recon-structing vocalic and semi-vocalic portions of the post-initial elements in medieval and pre-medieval Chinese syllables. It is argued that, based on the discussions of Grades/Calls by Chinese scholars of the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries, they were probably conceived as degrees of stricture of the phonatory apparatus, with progressive narrowing of the articulatory aperture, from wide and open to narrow and close. It is concluded that the linguistic perspective underpinning the classification of “sounds” in the linguistic tradition of China appears to be remarkably close to concepts long held in other linguistic traditions.
Résumé
Le présent article entend discuter et clarifier les notions de « Quatre divisions » (sì děng) et « Quatre appels » (sì hū) des tables de rimes traditionnelles chinoises, qui sont généralement considérées comme liées à la présence ou à l’absence de parties vocaliques des éléments post-initiaux dans les syllabes chinoises médiévales et pré-médiévales. En nous fondant sur les discussions des divisions / appels par les érudits chinois du XVIe au XIXe siècle, nous sommes conduits à la thèse qu’ils ont probablement été conçus comme des degrés de rétrécissement de l’appareil phonatoire, avec un rétrécissement progressif de l’aperture articulatoire, de large et ouverte à étroite et fermée. Il est conclu que la perspective linguistique qui sous-tend la classification des « sons » dans la tradition linguistique de la Chine semble être remarquablement proche des concepts longtemps en vigueur dans d’autres traditions linguistiques.
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Aufsatz werden die Konzepte “Abteilungen” (sì děng) und “Rufe” (sì hū) traditioneller chinesischer Reimwörterbücher erläutert. Beide Konzepte werden gewöhnlich mit der Anwesenheit oder Abwesenheit von Gleitlauten in Verbindung gebracht. Auch heute noch bilden sie die Basis für die Rekonstruktion von vokalischen und halbvokalischen Teilen postinitialer Elemente in mittelchinesischen und vormittelalterlichen chinesischen Silben. Auf der Grundlage von einschlägigen Erläuterungen chinesischer Gelehrter des 16. bis 19. Jahrhunderts wird dargelegt, dass sich “Abteilungen” und “Rufe” auf Öffnungsgrade im Hinblick auf den Sprechapparat bezogen, wobei das Artikulationskontinuum von weit und offen bis schmal und verschlossen reicht. Die sprachsystematische Perspektive, die der Klassifizierung von “Lauten” in der chinesischen sprachwissenschaftlichen Tradition zugrunde liegt, weist eine bemerkenswerte Ähnlichkeit mit Konzepten auf, die in anderen sprachwissenschaftlichen Traditionen bereits seit langem bekannt sind.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.The Chinese rime tables and the notion of ‘děng’ (grade)
- 3.The phonetic interpretation of grades
- 4.The descriptions of grades in Chinese philological sources
- 5.The plausibility of the stricture interpretation
- 6.Conclusions
- Notes
Bibliography
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