Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 47:2/3 (2020) ► pp.266–302
The monolingual approach in American linguistic fieldwork
Published online: 16 March 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00078.tho
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00078.tho
Summary
In the first decades of the 20th century, fieldwork — collection of language data through direct interaction with
a native speaker — was foundational to American linguistics. After a mid-century period of neglect, fieldwork has recently been
revived as a means to address the increasing rate of language endangerment worldwide. Twenty-first century American fieldwork
inherits some, but not all, of the traits of earlier fieldwork. This article examines the history of one controversial issue,
whether a field worker should adopt a monolingual approach, learning and using the target language as a medium of exchange with
native speakers, as opposed to relying on interpreters or a lingua franca. Although the monolingual approach is not widely
practiced, modern proponents argue strongly for its value. The method has been popularized though ‘monolingual demonstrations’ to
audiences of linguists, which, curiously, are not wholly consistent with the character of 21st-century fieldwork.
Résumé
Au cours des premières décennies du XXe siècle, le travail de terrain, défini comme la collecte de données
linguistiques par le biais d’une interaction directe avec un locuteur natif, était à la base de la linguistique américaine. Après
une période de désintérêt au milieu du siècle, le travail de terrain a récemment été réhabilité afin de répondre à l’augmentation
du nombre de langues menacées d’extinction dans le monde. Le travail de terrain américain du XXIe siècle hérite de certains des
traits du travail de terrain précédent. Cet article revient sur l’histoire de la question controversée du choix méthodologique
d’un chercheur sur le terrain entre le recours à un interprète (ou une lingua franca) ou l’adoption d’une approche monolingue (qui
suppose l’apprentissage et l’utilisation de la langue cible). Bien que l’approche monolingue ne soit pas très répandue, ses
partisans mettent fortement en avant sa valeur. La méthode a été vulgarisée auprès de linguistes au moyen de ‘démonstrations
monolingues’ qui ne sont pourtant pas totalement compatibles avec la nature du travail de terrain du XXIème siècle.
Zusammenfassung
In den frühen Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts galt Feldforschung — die Erfassung linguistischer Daten durch
direkte Interaktion mit Muttersprachlern — als grundlegend für die amerikanische Sprachwissenschaft. Nach einer Phase der
Vernachlässigung um die Mitte des Jahrhunderts wurde die Feldforschung in letzter Zeit als Mittel wiederbelebt, um dem weltweit
zunehmenden Aussterben von Sprachen entgegenzuwirken. Im 21. Jahrhundert übernimmt die amerikanische Feldforschung viele, aber
nicht alle Merkmale der älteren Feldforschung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll die Geschichte einer umstrittenen Frage untersucht
werden, ob nämlich der Feldforscher ein monolinguales Verfahren verfolgen sollte, indem er die Zielsprache als
Kommunikationsmittel mit Muttersprachlern erlernt und verwendet, oder sich eher auf Dolmetscher bzw. auf eine Lingua franca
verlassen sollte. Obwohl das monolinguale Verfahren nicht weitgehend praktiziert wird, plädieren moderne Befürworter für dessen
Zweckmäßigkeit. Popularisiert wurde diese Methode durch vor versammelten Sprachwissenschaftlern vorgestellte ‘monolinguale
Präsentationen’, die kurioserweise dem Charakter der Feldforschung des 21. Jahrhunderts nicht völlig entsprechen.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Monolingual approaches in the first 20th century wave of American fieldwork
- 2.1The language of fieldwork in Boas and his students
- 2.2The language of fieldwork in Bloomfield and the post-Bloomfieldians
- 2.3The monolingual approach in 20th century American missionary fieldwork
- 2.4Fieldworkers and their partners in the first half of the 20th century
- 3.Shift in the status and practice of linguistic fieldwork, 1960 to 1980s
- 4.Monolingual approaches in a second wave of fieldwork, from 1990
- 4.1Comparison between first and second waves of 20th-century American fieldwork
- 4.2The language of fieldwork in the second wave of American linguistic fieldwork
- 4.3Controversy over monolingual methods
- 5.The monolingual approach demonstrated
- 5.1Prehistory of the monolingual demonstration
- 5.2Pike’s and Everett’s monolingual demonstrations
- 5.3What do monolingual demonstrations aim to accomplish?
- 5.4Monolingual demonstrations in the context of 21st century fieldwork
- 6.Conclusion
- Notes
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