Cover not available

Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 47:1 (2020) ► pp.49–78

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

Expanding the comparative view

Humboldt’s Über die Kawi-Sprache and its language materials

 | KU Leuven
Published online: 16 October 2020
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00062.sol
Summary
Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Über die Kawi-Sprache auf der Insel Java can be seen as the first comparative grammar of non-Indo-European languages. While Humboldt’s practice of collecting and re-assembling linguistic information has been documented extensively in the Berlin Academy edition of his Schriften zur Sprachwissenschaft, this article puts his work in perspective by tracing it back to its sources and treating it as part of a wider parallel process of expanding the comparative view. In three sections, this article discusses (1) the research agendas of the three British colonial scholars upon whose works Humboldt drew for Malayan languages; (2) to which extent his Polynesian language material was ‘rawer’ than these compendia; and (3) how he reworked this material into a comparative Malayo-Polynesian grammar. Finally, a comparison is drawn with the work of his assistant and continuator Eduard Buschmann, and with Horatio Hale’s slightly later survey of the languages of the Pacific.
Zusammenfassung
Wilhelm von Humboldts Über die Kawi-Sprache auf der Insel Java kann als die erste vergleichende Grammatik nicht-indoeuropäischer Sprachen gelten. Humboldts Sammlung und Überarbeitung von Sprachmaterialien ist durch die BBAW-Ausgabe seiner Schriften zur Sprachwissenschaft ausführlich dokumentiert worden. Dieser Aufsatz ergänzt den Forschungsstand durch eine vergleichende Perspektive, indem er die Kawi-Arbeit auf seine Quellen zurückführt und als Teil eines breiteren parallelen Prozesses der Erweiterung sprachvergleichender Perspektiven erläutert. In drei Abschnitten untersucht der Aufsatz: 1. die Forschungsagenden der drei britischen kolonialen Gelehrten, auf deren Arbeiten Humboldt für die malaiischen Sprachen zurückgreift; 2. inwieweit Humboldts polynesisches Sprachmaterial ‚roher‘ war als das in jenen Kompendien; und 3. wie er diese Sprachmaterialien überarbeitet und daraus eine vergleichende malayo-polynesische Grammatik gemacht hat. Abschließend wird ein Vergleich mit der Arbeit seines Assistenten Eduard Buschmann und mit Horatio Hales etwas späterem Überblick über die Sprachen des Pazifik angestellt.
Résumé
L’œuvre posthume de G. de Humboldt, Über die Kawi-Sprache auf der Insel Java, peut être regardée comme la première grammaire comparée sortant du champ des langues indo-européennes. L’édition de l’Académie de Berlin des Schriften zur Sprachwissenschaft de Humboldt a documenté en détail sa collecte et son traitement des matériaux linguistiques. Dans cet article, nous reconduisons l’œuvre de Humboldt à ses sources, et l’envisageons comme faisant partie d’un processus parallèle plus large d’expansion du comparatisme. Les trois sections de l’article discutent 1. les programmes de recherche développés par trois savants de la sphère coloniale britannique, chez qui Humboldt a puisé pour son étude des langues malaises ; 2. la nature de ses données linguistiques polynésiennes, dont on se demande dans quelle mesure elles étaient plus ‘brutes’ que leurs contreparties malaises ; et 3. la manière dont Humboldt a retravaillé ces matériaux pour élaborer une grammaire comparée malayo-polynésienne. La dernière partie est consacrée à deux prolongements de l’œuvre de Humboldt : sa continuation directe par son assistant Eduard Buschmann, et le tableau des langues pacifiques dressé par Horatio Hale quelques années plus tard.
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • 1.Imperial Empiricism: Marsden, Raffles, Crawfurd
  • 2.The Raw and the Cooked: Polynesian sources
  • 3.‘Grammatical Sounds’: Austronesian as a linguistic puzzle
  • 4.Conclusions: A parallel process
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (102)
References
Adelung, Johann Christoph & Johann Severin Vater. 1806–19. Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde mit dem Vaterunser als Sprachprobe in beynahe fünfhundert Sprachen und Mundarten. 41 (in 6) vols. Berlin: Voss.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
App, Urs. 2010. The Birth of Orientalism. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Appel, Michaela. 2017. “Wilhelm von Humboldt und Harry Maitai: Hawaiianische Sprachstudien in Berlin”. In Humboldt. (2017), 435–451.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baasten, Martin. 2003. “A Note on the History of ‘Semitic’”. Hamlet on a Hill. Semitic and Greek Studies presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of his sixty-fifth Birthday ed. by M. Baasten & W.Th. van Peursen, 57–72. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
BBAW: Wilhelm von Humboldt: Sprachwissenschaftliche Korrespondenz. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Online edition: [URL] [accessed 17 December 2019]
Belton, Tom. 2009. “The Dawn of the ‘Chaotic Account’: Horatio Hale’s Australia Notebook and the Development of Anthropologists’ Field Notes”. Libraries & the Cultural Record 44:1.138–152. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Binney, Judith. 1968. The Legacy of Guilt: A Life of Thomas Kendall. University of Auckland / Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bleek, Wilhelm. 1862–69. A comparative Grammar of the South African Languages. 21 vols. London: Truebner.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bopp, Franz. 1816. Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache. Frankfurt a.M.: Andreäische Buchhandlung.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1820. “Analytical Comparison of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and Teutonic Languages”. Annals of Oriental Literature I:1.1–65.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1833–52. Vergleichende Grammatik des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, Lateinischen, Gothischen und Deutschen. 31 (in 6) vols. Berlin: Dümmler.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1840. Review of Humboldt (1836–39). Jahrbücher für Wissenschaftliche Kritik 1840:85–881.697–741.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1841. Über die Verwandtschaft der malayisch-polynesischen Sprachen mit den indisch-europäischen. Berlin: Dümmler.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Buchholz, Ulrike. 1986. Das Kawi-Werk Wilhelm von Humboldts. Untersuchungen zur empirischen Sprachbeschreibung und vergleichenden Grammatikographie. Münster: Institut für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Buschmann, Eduard. 1843. Aperçu de la Langue des Îles Marquises et de la Langue taïtienne: précédé d’une introduction sur l’histoire et la géographie de l’Archipel des Marquises. Berlin: Luderitz.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1859. Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexico und höheren amerikanischen Norden. Zugleich eine Musterung der Völker und Sprachen des nördlichen Mexico’s und der Westseite Nordamerika’s von Guadalaxara an bis zum Eismeer. Berlin: Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Caldwell, Robert. 1856. A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages. London & Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Caroll, Diane. 2019. “William Marsden, the Scholar behind the History of Sumatra”. Indonesia and the Malay World 47:137.66–89. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Crawfurd, John. 1820. History of the Indian Archipelago, Containing an Account of the Manners, Arts, Languages, Religions, Institutions, and Commerce of its Inhabitants. 31 vols. Edinburgh: Constable.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1852. A Grammar and Dictionary of the Malayan Language. 21 vols. London: Smith & Elder.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Crawfurd, John & Thomas Stamford Raffles. 1824. Description géographique, historique et commerciale de Java et des autres Iles de l’Archipel Indien ed. and tr. by M. Marchal. Brussels: Tarlier & Chobard.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davies, John. 1823. A Grammar of the Tahitian Dialect of the Polynesian Language. Tahiti: Mission Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Graaf, H. J. 1979. “Het Semarangse geslacht Bustam in de 18e en 19e eeuw: afkomst en jeugd van Radèn Salèh”. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 135:2/3. 252–281. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen. 1819. “Report […] of the General Character and Forms of the Languages of the American Indians”. Transactions of the historical and literary committee of the American Philosophical Society l1.xvii–l.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1838. Mémoire sur le système grammatical des langues de quelques nations Indiennes de l’Amerique du Nord. Paris: Pihan de la Forest.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried. 1787. Einleitung in das Alte Testament. 2nd ed. Leipzig: Brockhaus.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Forster, Georg. 1777. A Voyage round the World. 21 vols. London: White et al.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Forster, Johann Reinhold. 1778. Observations made during a Voyage round the World. London: Robinson.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gabelentz, Hans Conon von der. 1860. Die melanesischen Sprachen nach ihrem grammatischen Bau und ihrer Verwandtschaft unter sich und mit den malaiisch-polynesischen Sprachen. Leipzig: Kön. Sächs. Ges. der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gericke, Johann Friedrich. 1831. Eerste Gronden der Javaansche Taal, benevens Javaansch leer- en leesboek, met eene woorden-lijst ten gebruike bij hetzelve. Batavia: Lands-Drukkerij.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Grimm, Jacob. 1819. Deutsche Grammatik. 1st ed. Göttingen: Dieterich.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1822–37. Deutsche Grammatik. 2nd ed. 41 vols. Göttingen: Dieterich.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hale, Horatio. 1846. United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Vol. VI: Ethnography and Philology. Philadelphia: Sherman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1883. The Iroquois Book of Rites. Philadelphia: Brinton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1886. “The Origin of Languages, and the Antiquity of Speaking Man”. Science 8:186.191–196.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heeschen, Volker. 2017. “Einleitung”. In Humboldt. (2017), 1–57.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Humboldt, Wilhelm von. 1832. Extraits d’une Lettre de M. le Baron G. de Humboldt à M. E. Jacquet, sur les Alphabets de la Polynésie asiatique. [Extrait du Nouveau Journal Asiatique.] Paris: Imprimerie Royale.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1836–39. Über die Kawi-Sprache auf der Insel Java, nebst einer Einleitung über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts ed. by Eduard Buschmann. 31 vols. Berlin: Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1896a. “Über das Studium des Alterthums, und des Griechischen insbesondere [1793]”. Sechs ungedruckte Aufsätze über das klassische Alterthum, ed. by Albert Leitzmann, 3–33. Leipzig: Göschen. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1896b. “Latium und Hellas oder Betrachtungen über das classische Alterthum [1806]”. Sechs ungedruckte Aufsätze über das klassische Alterthum, ed. by Albert Leitzmann, 112–153. Leipzig: Göschen. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1907a. “Über die Sprachen der Südsee-Inseln [1828]”. Gesammelte Schriften: Werke ed. by Albert Leitzmann, vol. VI.1, 39–51. Berlin: Behr.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1907b. “Über die Verschiedenheiten des menschlichen Sprachbaues [1827–1829]”. Gesammelte Schriften: Werke ed. by Albert Leitzmann, vol. VI.1, 111–303. Berlin: Behr.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1993–2017. Schriften zur Sprachwissenschaft. Ed. by Kurt Mueller-Vollmer et al. 111 vols. Paderborn: Schöningh.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. Südsee- und Südostasiatische Sprachen. Vorarbeiten zu “Über die Kawi-Sprache auf der Insel Java” ed. by Ulrike Folie, Volker Heeschen & Frank Zimmer. [=Humboldt. 1993–2017, vol. VI.1] Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Humboldt, Wilhelm von & Eduard Buschmann. 2000. Wörterbuch der mexikanischen Sprache ed. by Manfred Ringmacher. [=Humboldt, 1993–2017, vol. III.3]Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jones, William. 1787. “The third Anniversary Discourse [On the Hindus], delivered 2 February 1786”. Asiatick Researches I1.415–431.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Joyce, Barry Alan. 2001. The Shaping of American Ethnography: The Wilkes Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842. (Critical Studies in the History of Anthropology 2.) Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kendall, Thomas. 1815. A Korao no New Zealand; or, the New Zealander’s First Book. An Attempt to compose some Lessons for the Instruction of the Natives. Sydney: Howe.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kendall, Thomas & Samuel Lee. 1820. A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of New Zealand. London: Church Missionary Society.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Klaproth, Julius. 1823. Asia Polyglotta. 1+11 vols. Paris: Rey.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Knapman, Gareth. 2016. “Race, Polygenesis and Equality: John Crawfurd and Nineteenth-Century Resistance to Evolution”. History of European Ideas 42:7.909–923. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. Race and British Colonialism in South East Asia, 1770–1870: John Crawfurd and the Politics of Equality. New York/London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Krupa, Viktor. 1973. Polynesian Languages: A Survey of Research. (Janua Linguarum Series Critica 11.) The Hague: Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Levelt, Willem. 2019. “How Speech Evolved: Some Historical Remarks” [Review Essay]. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 621.2926–2931. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mackert, Michael. 1994. “Horatio Hale and the Great U.S. Exploring Expedition”. Anthropological Linguistics 36:1.1–26.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mariner, William & John Martin. 1817. An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands in the South Pacific Ocean, with an Original Grammar and Vocabulary of their Language. 21 vols. London: Murray.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1818. An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands [etc.]. 2nd ed. London: Murray.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Marsden, William. 1782. “Remarks on the Sumatran Languages. In a Letter to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. President of the Royal Society”. Archaeologia VI1.154–158. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1783. The History of Sumatra, Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants, with a Description of the Natural Productions, and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of that Island. 1st ed. London: Payne et al.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1811. The History of Sumatra [etc.]. 3rd ed. London: Longman et al.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1812a. A Grammar of the Malayan Language, with an Introduction and Praxis. London: Longman et al.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1812b. A Dictionary of the Malayan Language, in two Parts: Malayan and English, and English and Malayan. London: Longman et al.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1823. Numismata Orientalia Illustrata. The Oriental Coins of his Collection, Ancient and Modern, Described and Historically Illustrated. 21 vols. London: Longman et al.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1827. Bibliotheca Marsdeniana philologica et orientalis: A Catalogue of Books and Manuscripts, Collected with a View to the General Comparison of Languages, and to the Study of Oriental Literature. London: Cox.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Max Müller, Friedrich. 1861. Lectures on the Science of Language. London: Longman et al.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McNeely, Ian. 2020. “ The Last Project of the Republic of Letters: Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Global Linguistics”. Journal of Modern History 921.241–273. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Miklosich, Franz von. 1852–75. Vergleichende Grammatik der slavischen Sprachen. 41 vols. Vienna: Braumüller.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mill, James. 1817. The History of British India. 31 vols. London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Morpurgo Davies, Anna. 1998. History of Linguistics. Volume IV: Nineteenth-Century Linguistics. London & New York: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mueller-Vollmer, Kurt. 1993. Wilhelm von Humboldts Sprachwissenschaft. Ein kommentiertes Verzeichnis des Sprachwissenschaftlichen Nachlasses. Paderborn: Schöningh.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mueller-Vollmer, Kurt & Volker Heeschen. 2007. “W. v. Humboldts Bedeutung für die Beschreibung der südostasiatisch-pazifischen Sprachen und die Anfänge der Südostasien-Forschung”. Sprachtheorien der Neuzeit. III. Sprachbeschreibung und Sprachunterricht ed. by Peter Schmitter, vol. 21, 430–461. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Müller, Martin. 2014. “Manufacturing Malayness. British Debates on the Malay Nation, Civilisation, Race and Language in the Early Nineteenth Century”. Indonesia and the Malay World 42:123.170–196. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2020. “Glotto-Colonial Debates: Language, Nations, Races, and Civilization in William Marsden’s and John Crawfurd’s Ethno-Linguistics”. Journal of Postcolonial Linguistics 31.1–21.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pickering, John. 1836. Letter to Jeremiah Reynolds (30 July). Jeremiah Reynolds, Address on the Subject of a Surveying and Exploring Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and the South Seas, 135–140. New York: Harper.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Raffles, Thomas Stamford. 1817. The History of Java. 21 vols. London: Murray et al.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Raj, Kapil. 2007. Relocating Modern Science. Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650–1900. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rask, Rasmus. 1818. Undersögelse om det gamle Nordiske eller Islandske Sprogs Oprindelse. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Raynouard, François-Just-Marie. 1816–21. Choix des Poésies originales des Troubadours. 61 vols. Paris: Firmin Didot.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reland, Adrianus. 1708. “De Linguis insularum quarundam orientalium”. Dissertationum Miscellanearum Pars Tertia et Ultima, 55–139. Utrecht: Broedelet.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Renan, Ernest. 1855. Histoire générale des Langues sémitiques. Paris: Imprimerie Imperiale.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reutter, Georg. 2011. Kosmos der Sprachen: Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Linguistisches System. Paderborn: Schöningh. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ringmacher, Manfred. 1996. Organismus der Sprachidee. H. Steinthals Weg von Humboldt zu Humboldt. Paderborn: Schöningh.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016. “Wilhelm von Humboldt und die amerikanischen Sprachen”. W. V. Humboldt, Einleitende und vergleichende amerikanische Arbeiten ed. by M. Ringmacher et al. [= Humboldt. 1993–2017, vol. III.1], 1–20.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rocher, Rosane. 2001. “The knowledge of Sanskrit in Europe until 1800”. History of the Language Sciences / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften / Histoire des sciences du langage ed. by Sylvain Auroux, E. F. K. Koerner, Hans-Josef Niederehe & Kees Versteegh. Vol. II1 (of 3), 1156–1163. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schlegel, Friedrich. 1808. Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier. Ein Beytrag zur Begrundung der Alterthumskunde. Heidelberg: Mohr & Zimmer.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schlözer, August Ludwig. 1781. “Von den Chaldäern”. Repertorium für biblische und morgenländische Litteratur [ed. by J. G. Eichhorn] 81.113–176.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schulze, Benjamin. 1729. “Schreiben an Herrn Professor Francken”. Hallesche Berichte II:21.696–710.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Solleveld, Floris. 2020a. “Lepsius as a Linguist: Fieldwork, Philology, Phonetics, and the ‘Hamitic Hypothesis’”. Language & History 63:3 [prepublished online 4 June 2020: ]Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2020b. “Language Gathering and Philological Expertise: Sigismund Koelle, Wilhelm Bleek, and the Languages of Africa”. Les Linguistes allemands du XIXème siècle et leurs interlocuteurs étrangers ed. by Jacques François, 169–200. Paris: Éditions de la Société de Linguistique de Paris.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stewart, Dugald. 1827. Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind. Vol. III1 (of 3). London: Murray.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tintemann, Ute. 2014. “Julius Klaproths Mithridates Projekt, Alexander von Humboldt und das Verlagshaus Cotta”. HIN – Humboldt im Netz XV1.102–110.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Totanes, Sebastian de. 1796 [1745]. Arte de la Lengua Tagala, y Manual tagalog, para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos. Sampaloc [Manila]: Imp. de Nra Sra de Loreto.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Trabant, Jürgen. 1990. Traditionen Humboldts. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. Weltansichten. Wilhelm von Humboldts Sprachprojekt. München: Beck. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016. “Du grec aux langues du monde: Über das Studium des Alterthums comme base du projet anthropologique et linguistique de Humboldt”. L’hellénisme de Wilhelm von Humboldt et ses prolongements européens, ed. by Sandrine Maufroy & Michel Espagne, 31–46. Paris: Demopolis. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Verlato, Micaela. 2013. “Wilhelm von Humboldt und die Erforschung nordamerikanischer Sprachen”. W. V. Humboldt, Nordamerikanische Grammatiken, ed. by M. Verlato [= Humboldt, 1993–2017, vol. III.6], 1–117.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015. “The Challenge of Polysynthesis: Wilhelm von Humboldt and Early Comparative Americanist Linguistics”. Language & History 58:2.82–94. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2020. “Linguistic Description and Language Philosophy in Wilhelm von Humboldt’s North American Grammars”. History of Linguistics 2017: Selected papers from the 14th International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHoLS XIV) ed. by Émilie Aussant & Jean-Michel Fortis, 21–33. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus. 1974. Kalangwan: A Survey of Old Javanese Literature. The Hague: Nijhoff.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1982. Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 21 vols. The Hague: Nijhoff.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zuerius van Boxhorn, Marcus. 1647. Bediedinge van de tot noch toe onbekende afgodinne Nehalennia. Leiden: Vander Boxe.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zeuß, Johann Caspar. 1853. Grammatica Celtica. 21 vols. Leipzig: Weidmann.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (5)

Cited by five other publications

Leerssen, Joep
2025. Ethnophilology: Language, Volk, and Fatherland. History of Humanities 10:1 ► pp. 15 ff. DOI logo
Poland, Stefan & Francesca Zantedeschi
2025. Introduction: “Ties of Blood and History,” or the Ambiguity of Race between Natural Science and Cultural Scholarship. History of Humanities 10:1 ► pp. 5 ff. DOI logo
Solleveld, Floris
2023. Language as a Specimen. Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 46:1 ► pp. 92 ff. DOI logo
Solleveld, Floris
2025. The Holy Word Factory: Translation, Syncretism, Language Ideology, and Colonial Language Dynamics at the Crossroads of Religion and Empire. Global Intellectual History ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Ariyani, Farida, Gede Eka Putrawan, Afif Rahman Riyanda, As. Rakhmad Idris, Lisa Misliani & Ryzal Perdana
2022. Technology and minority language: an Android-based dictionary development for the Lampung language maintenance in Indonesia. Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society 5:1 DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 10 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue