Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 45:3 (2018) ► pp.289–324
An American at the origins of European Sprachwissenschaft and Italian historiographical thought
William Dwight Whitney and his approach to linguistic issues
Published online: 1 February 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00028.dov
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.00028.dov
Summary
This contribution is dedicated to William Dwight Whitney (1827–1897), a scholar who generally has a modest space
dedicated to him in the historiography of linguistics, despite his name and works having had considerable circulation among his
contemporaries. His originality and method are outlined with particular attention being given to his reception in Europe and in
the setting of Italian studies of theoretical and empirical linguistics.
Whitney was among the first to contest Schleicher’s concept of language as a natural fact, claiming, instead, that
it has social nature, as an ‘institution’ created by man; he was a forerunner in recognizing the relevance of signs and their
value, and of language acquisition. In his demonstrations and in his methods he proposes a science of historical linguistics but
at the same time it is open to 20th century linguistics and the concept of language as a complex system ordered and crossed by
relationships. Both his unique approach to the study of Sanskrit, which emphasised the study of its use and its variants, and his
interest for modern languages, makes him a particularly interesting scholar, as he and his reception testify the rise, in Europe
and especially in Italy, of a new approach to linguistic issues, no longer exclusively historical-comparative, but also
theoretical and general.
Nonetheless, Whitney ought to occupy a prominent place in the history of linguistics, because he was also the
author of one of the first introductory texts of the discipline, which was published in 1875; in that same year a French
translation came out, which was soon followed by an Italian, and a German translation (both 1876).The number of almost
contemporaneous translations gives an idea of the gap which a general and introductory work like Whitney’s filled and illustrates
that there was a clear need for it.
In several works, including recent ones, De Mauro identified the specific characteristics of Italian linguistic
studies: we can find a good many of these traits in Whitney as well. Although the fruitful contribution of Whitney’s ideas in an
environment which is ‘naturally’ inclined towards the themes and methods the American linguist dealt with, i.e., the ‘Italian
linguistic school’, has not been fully recognised until now, it is undeniable that his ideas provided an important stimulus for
new interpretations and new models.
Résumé
Cette contribution est consacrée à William Dwight Whitney (1827–1897), un érudit auquel a étè consacré le
plus souvent un espace modeste dans l’histoire des idées de la linguistique, bien que son nom et son oeuvre aient été largement
diffusés parmi ses contemporains. Son originalité et sa méthode sont présentées avec une attention particulière à leur réception
en Europe et dans le cadre des études italiennes de linguistique théorique et empirique.
Whitney fut parmi les premiers à s’opposer au concept de langage de Schleicher comme un fait naturel,
revendiquant plutôt sa nature sociale, comme une ‘institution’ créée par l’homme; il était un précurseur de l’intéret pour le
fonctionnement des signes et de l’apprentissage du langage; dans ses démonstrations et dans ses méthodes il propose ainsi une
science de la linguistique historique qui soit à la fois capable d’ouvrir à la linguistique du XXe siècle et à la notion de
langage comme un système complexe ordonné et traversé par les relations. Son approche unique de l’étude du sanskrit, qui souligne
la dimension de l’usage linguistique et de l’observation des variantes, et son intérêt pour les langues modernes, en font un
érudit particulièrement intéressant; lui et son accueil témoignent de la montée en Europe et surtout en Italie, d’une nouvelle
approche des questions linguistiques, non plus exclusivement historique-comparative, mais aussi théorique et générale.
Néanmoins, Whitney occupe une place prépondérante dans l’histoire de la linguistique, car il fut aussi
l’auteur d’un des premiers textes introductifs de la discipline, publié en 1875; dans la même année une traduction française est
sortie, qui a été bientôt suivie par une traduction allemande, et une traduction italienne (toutes les deux en 1876). Le grand
nombre de traductions qui voient la lumière presque simultanément dans différents pays donne la mesure du vide qu’un travail
général et introductif comme celui de Whitney a rempli et dont, évidemment, le besoin se faisait sentir.
Dans plusieurs travaux, y compris récents, De Mauro a identifié les caractéristiques spécifiques des études
linguistiques italiennes: nous pouvons également trouver un bon nombre de ces traits chez Whitney, pourtant, la reconnaissance de
la contribution fructueuse de sa pensée dans un environnement ‘naturellement’ enclin aux thèmes et à la méthode chères au
linguiste américain, à savoir ‘l’école linguistique italienne’, a été le plus souvent ignorée. Cependant, il est indéniable que
ses idées ont fourni un stimulus important pour de nouvelles interprétations et de nouveaux modèles.
Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag ist William Dwight Whitney (1827–1897) gewidmet, einem Sprachforscher, der in der
linguistischen Historiographie nur einen bescheidenen Platz einnimmt, obwohl sein Name und sein Werk unter seinen Zeitgenossen
eine beträchtliche Anerkennung fanden. Es wird im Folgenden seiner Originalität und Methode nachgegangen, mit besonderer
Berücksichtigung seiner Rezeption in Europa und im Rahmen der italienischen Studien innerhalb der theoretischen und empirischen
Linguistik.
Whitney war einer der ersten, der Schleichers Konzept der Sprache als natürlichen Organismus in Frage
stellte und stattdessen ihre soziale Natur als eine vom Menschen geschaffene ‘Institution’ betonte. Auch in seinem Interesse für
die Bedeutung von Zeichen und deren Werte sowie für Spracherwerb war er ein Vorläufer. Aus seinen Demonstrationen und seiner
Methode zeigt sich eine historische Sprachwissenschaft, die sich zugleich der Linguistik des 20. Jahrhunderts und dem Begriff der
Sprache als komplexes, jedoch geordnetes System öffnen kann, das aus Beziehungen besteht. Sowohl sein besonderer Ansatz zur
Forschung über das Sanskrit, der auf die Dimension des Sprachgebrauchs und die Analyse von Varianten fokussiert, als auch sein
Interesse für moderne Sprachen machen ihn zu einem besonders interessanten Forscher, denn er und seine Rezeption bezeugen den
Aufstieg eines neuen Ansatzes zu sprachlichen Fragen in Europa und besonders in Italien, der nicht mehr ausschließlich
historisch-komparativ, sondern auch allgemein-theoretisch ausgerichtet ist.
Allerdings gebührt Whitney in erster Linie ein prominenter Platz in der Geschichte der Linguistik, weil er
einen der ersten Einführungstexte zu der Disziplin verfasste, der 1875 veröffentlicht wurde; im selben Jahr erschien eine
französische Übersetzung, der bald eine deutsche und eine italienische Übersetzung folgten (beide 1876). Diese Anzahl fast
zeitgleicher Übersetzungen zeigt die Lücke, die ein allgemein einführendes Werk wie das Whitneys ausfüllte: Die wissenschaftliche
Gemeinschaft hatte ein solches Werk offenbar dringend nötig.
In mehreren, auch neueren Studien hat Tullio De Mauro die spezifischen Merkmale der italienischen
Sprachwissenschaft herausgearbeitet; viele dieser Merkmale lassen sich auch in Whitneys Werk wiederfinden. Doch der fruchtbare
Beitrag von Whitney in einem Umfeld, das “natürlich” auf die auch vom amerikanischen Sprachwissenschaftler bevorzugten Themen und
Methoden eingeht, d.h. das der ‘Scuola linguistica italiana’, der italienischen Linguistik, wurde bisher nicht völlig anerkannt.
Es ist jedoch unbestreitbar, dass seine Ideen wichtige Impulse für neue Interpretationen und neue Modelle lieferten.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.“Ma… e le leggi fonetiche?”. Tradition and originality in the sources of Italian linguistic historiography
- 3.The influence of the American William Dwight Whitney
- 4.The use of the metaphor as explanatory method
- 5.Some concluding observations
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
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