In: Contrasting English and Polish Emotion Clusters
Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk and Paul A. Wilson
[Human Cognitive Processing 80] 2026
► pp. v–xvi
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Table of contents
Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduction
Part 1.Theoretical framework
Chapter 1.The nature of emotions
1.1Introduction
1.2Emotion, affect, core affect, feelings and mood
1.2.1Emotion
1.2.2Affect
1.2.3Core affect
1.2.4Feelings
1.2.5Moods
1.2.6Conclusions
1.3Theories of emotion
1.3.1Basic emotion theories
1.3.2Appraisal theories
1.3.3Constructionist emotion theories
1.3.4Appraisal vs. constructionist theories
1.4Clustering and blending
1.4.1Blending
1.4.1.1Basic emotion theories
1.4.1.2Appraisal theories
1.4.1.3Constructionist theories
1.4.2Clustering
1.5Conceptual structure of emotions
1.5.1Variability in emotion concepts
1.5.2Global features
1.5.3Emotion events
1.6Metaphor and metonymy
1.7Image schema
1.8Metaphor and image schema
1.9Conclusions
Chapter 2.Culture
2.1Introduction
2.2Cultural influences on emotion concepts
2.2.1Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
2.2.1.1Power distance index (PDI)
2.2.1.2Uncertainty avoidance (UAI)
2.2.1.3Masculinity vs. femininity
2.2.1.4Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation
2.2.1.5Indulgence vs. restraint (IND)
2.2.1.6Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV)
2.2.1.6.1Individualism
2.2.1.6.2Collectivism
2.2.1.6.3Individualism versus collectivism: Criticisms and influences
2.2.1.6.4Vertical and horizontal cultural orientations in individualism and collectivism
2.2.2Religion
2.2.3Political and social influences in Poland and Britain
2.2.3.1The fall of communism in Poland
2.2.3.2Possible collectivistic influences in 19th and 20th century Britain
2.2.4Politeness
2.2.5National pride
2.3Theories of emotion and culture
2.4Cultural linguistics
2.5Conclusions
Chapter 3.Emotions and language
3.1Introduction
3.2Iconicity
3.3Meaning approximation in interaction
3.4Language, cognition and emotions
3.5Emotion blending and clustering in language
3.6Emotions: Definition and types
3.7Cognitive-semantic blending of major ontological categories
3.8Signalling of emotions in language
3.9Emotion prototypes in language
3.10Construal of emotions
3.10.1Construal of emotions by metaphor
3.10.2Master metaphors
3.11Metonymy
3.12Conclusions
Chapter 4.Research methodology and materials
4.1Introduction
4.2Language corpora and quantitative data
4.2.1Materials
4.2.2Collocations
4.2.2.1Collocates
4.2.2.2Colosaurus
4.2.3Problems with data interpretation
4.3Emotion concepts in contrast
4.3.1Contrastive analysis and translation data
4.3.2Translation as reconceptualisation
4.3.3PARALELA tools
4.4Linguistic typology properties of construal
4.4.1Syntactic pressures and translation strategies
4.4.2Translation corpora and polysemic clusters
4.4.3The same concepts or different: Degrees of cross-linguistic equivalence
4.4.4Translational equivalence
4.4.4.1Definition
4.4.4.2Qualitative and quantitative tertia comparationis
4.4.4.3Cluster equivalence
4.4.5Cognitive corpus-based methodology adopted in the present study
4.5The GRID paradigm
4.5.1Introduction
4.5.2GRID Methodology
4.5.2.1Participants
4.5.2.2Procedure
4.5.3Components of emotions
4.5.4Emotion dimensions
4.5.5The componential emotion approach vs. the dimensional emotion approach
4.5.6The basic emotion approach
4.5.7Cognitive mechanisms derived from words
4.5.8Conclusions
4.6Online emotions sorting methodology
4.6.1The cognitive representation of emotions
4.6.2NodeXL
4.6.3Method
4.6.3.1Selection of emotion terms
4.6.3.1.1British English
4.6.3.1.2Polish
4.6.3.2Emotion prototypicality ratings
4.6.3.3Participants
4.6.3.4Online emotions sorting task
4.6.3.4.1Procedure
4.6.3.4.2Participants
4.7Comparison and contrast of GRID, online emotions sorting, and corpus methodologies
4.7.1GRID
4.7.2Online emotions sorting methodology
4.7.3Corpus methodology
4.8Conclusions
Part 2.Comparative analyses of British English and Polish emotion concepts
Chapter 5.Compassion, sympathy and empathy
5.1Introduction
5.1.1Empathy, sympathy and compassion
5.1.1.1Empathy
5.1.1.2Sympathy
5.1.1.3Compassion
5.1.2Aims
5.2Results
5.2.1Online emotions sorting results
5.2.1.1Polish versus British English empathy/sympathy/compassion cluster concepts
5.2.1.2Empathy
5.2.1.3Sympathy
5.2.1.4Compassion
5.2.2GRID
5.2.3Language Corpus Data
5.2.3.1Empathy
5.2.3.2Sympathy
5.2.3.3Compassion
5.2.3.4Collocations
5.2.3.5Parallel corpus data
5.3Discussion and conclusions
5.3.1Empathy, sympathy, compassion
5.3.1.1Empathy
5.3.1.2Sympathy
5.3.1.3Compassion
5.3.2Concurrent methodologies
Chapter 6.Pride
6.1Introduction
6.2pride and duma clusters
6.3Individualistic vs. collectivistic influences
6.4Politeness
6.5National pride
6.6Aims
6.7Results
6.7.1Online emotions sorting results
6.7.2GRID results
6.7.2.1Participants
6.7.2.2valence
6.7.2.3power
6.7.2.4arousal
6.7.2.5novelty
6.7.2.6Congruence with own standards and socially accepted norms
6.7.2.7Expressivity
6.7.2.8Conclusions
6.8Corpus results
6.8.1British English pride cluster
6.8.2Polish duma cluster
6.8.3vanity and próżność
6.8.4Colosaurus data for the adjectives dumny, pyszny, próżny
6.9Pride metaphors and culture
6.10Conclusions
Chapter 7.Surprise
7.1Introduction
7.2Culture
7.3Aims
7.4Results
7.4.1Online emotions sorting task
7.4.2GRID
7.4.2.1Participants
7.4.2.2Factor scores
7.4.2.3ANOVAs
7.4.2.3.1valence
7.4.2.3.2power
7.4.2.3.3arousal
7.4.2.3.4novelty
7.4.2.3.5Summary
7.4.3Corpus data
7.4.3.1Parallel corpus data
7.4.3.2Metaphors
7.4.3.3Polish
7.4.4Monitor corpus data
7.4.5Metaphors as a tool uncovering properties of emotions
7.5Conclusions
Chapter 8.Contempt, anger and disgust
8.1Introducing the contempt/anger/disgust cluster
8.2Aims
8.3Results
8.3.1Online emotions sorting task
8.3.1.1Contempt vs. pogarda — anger and fear cluster co-occurrences
8.3.1.2Contempt vs. pogarda — humiliation co-occurrences
8.3.2GRID
8.3.2.1Participants
8.3.2.2Withdrawal/fear features versus moral transgression/anger features
8.3.2.3Conclusions
8.3.3Corpus results
8.3.3.1Materials and methods
8.3.3.2Collocational links between contempt and disgust
8.3.3.3Contempt
8.3.3.4Contempt metaphoricity
8.3.3.4.1English
8.3.3.4.2Polish
8.3.3.5Parallel corpus data
8.3.3.6Contempt and disgust
8.3.3.7Disgust metaphoricity
8.3.3.8Contempt and anger
8.3.3.9Anger metaphoricity
8.4Conclusions
Chapter 9.Hurt
9.1Introduction
9.2hurt Emotion event
9.3Emotion clusters
9.4Cultural influences
9.5Aims
9.6Results
9.6.1Online emotions sorting task
9.6.2GRID
9.6.2.1Participants
9.6.2.2Correlations between hurt and anger, sadness and pride
9.6.2.3Desire not to act versus desire to act
9.6.3Corpus data analysis and discussion
9.6.3.1hurt emotion events in corpora
9.6.3.2pride, honour and dignity
9.6.3.3hurt and anger in English
9.6.3.4Hurt and sadness in Polish
9.6.3.5Collectivistic nature of Polish hurt
9.7Corpus results
9.7.1British English and Polish hurt equivalence
9.7.2Parallel corpus equivalents
9.8Conclusions
Chapter 10.Fear
10.1Introduction
10.1.1Typology of fear
10.1.2fear events
10.1.3Fear event scenarios
10.1.3.1fright scenario
10.1.3.2fight scenario: Outward action/focus
10.1.3.3fight scenario: Outward action/focus and high power
10.1.3.4flight scenario
10.2Aims and hypotheses
10.3Results
10.3.1Online emotions sorting task
10.3.2GRID
10.3.2.1Participants
10.3.2.2Analyses
10.3.2.2.1Low power vs. high power
10.3.2.2.2Outward action/focus vs. withdrawal/inward focus
10.3.2.3Conclusions
10.3.3Corpus data analysis and discussion
10.3.3.1Collocational patterns
10.3.3.2fear cluster strach/fear: Translation data
10.3.3.3Figurative language: Metaphors and source domains
10.4Discussion and conclusions
Chapter 11.Shame, guilt, embarrassment and humiliation
11.1Introduction
11.1.1Shame
11.1.2Embarrassment
11.1.3Guilt
11.1.4Humiliation
11.1.5Inter-cluster relationships between the British English and Polish
shame/guilt/embarrassment/humiliation cluster concepts
11.1.5.1Shame and embarrassment
11.1.5.2Shame and guilt
11.1.5.3Shame and humiliation
11.2Hypotheses
11.2.1The approach vs. withdrawal/power orientation hypothesis
11.2.2The internalised standards-orientation hypothesis
11.2.3The interpersonal relationships/social-orientation hypothesis
11.2.4Religion-orientation hypothesis
11.3Results
11.3.1Online emotions sorting results
11.3.1.1Shame versus wstyd co-occurrences
11.3.1.2Guilt co-occurrences
11.3.1.3Embarrassment
11.3.1.4Humiliation
11.3.2GRID
11.3.2.1Participants
11.3.2.2Violated laws or socially accepted norms
11.3.2.3Outward action/focus versus withdrawal/inward focus
11.3.2.4Low power versus high power
11.3.2.5Correlations between shame and guilt
11.3.2.6Summary of the GRID results
11.4Corpus data
11.5General conclusions
11.5.1Shame and guilt
11.5.2Cohesiveness of the shame/guilt/embarrassment/humiliation cluster
concept
Chapter 12.Love, happiness, joy, contentment and ecstasy
12.1Introduction
12.2SWB
12.3happiness/joy/contentment/ecstasy and love/interpersonal
relationship cluster concepts
12.3.1happiness/joy/contentment/ecstasy cluster concept
12.3.2love/interpersonal relationship cluster concept
12.3.3happiness/joy/contentment/ecstasy and love/interpersonal
relationship cluster concepts: Cultural perspectives
12.3.4Emotion events
12.4Aims and hypotheses
12.5Results
12.5.1Online emotions sorting task
12.5.1.1Happiness/Joy and love clusters
12.5.1.2contentment/satisfaction/serenity and love clusters
12.5.1.3Love and Ecstasy/Euphoria
12.5.1.4contentment/satisfaction/serenity and happiness/joy
clusters
12.5.2GRID
12.5.2.1Participants
12.5.2.2ANOVAs performed on happiness, joy and contentment
12.5.2.2.1valence
12.5.2.2.2power
12.5.2.2.3arousal
12.5.2.2.4novelty
12.5.2.3Correlations between the positive emotion clusters
12.5.2.4Correlations between positive emotion clusters and love
12.5.2.5Duration: Love versus miłość
12.5.2.6Summary of GRID results
12.5.3Love clusters in corpora
12.5.3.1Collocations of love and desire
12.5.3.2Collocation links between love and its typology — related concepts
12.5.4Love, happiness and contentment in corpus data
12.5.5Conclusions
12.5.6Types of love
12.5.6.1Typology of love scenarios
12.5.6.2Language corpora and love typology
12.5.6.2.1Sex-related love (and desire)
12.5.6.2.2Religion- and God-related love (agape love)
12.5.6.2.3Love of country, nation, king/queen (patriotism)
12.5.6.2.4Family love (storge), friendship
12.5.6.3Bodily and reistic expressions of love — metaphor
12.5.7Conclusions
12.6General conclusions
12.6.1Positive affect component
12.6.1.1Intra-cluster effects
12.6.1.2Inter-cluster effects
12.6.2love/interpersonal relationship cluster
12.6.2.1Intra-cluster effects
12.6.2.2Inter-cluster effects
Chapter 13.Conclusions
13.1Culture
13.2Language
13.3Emotion clustering
13.4Methodology
13.5Applications
13.5.1Foreign language learning
13.5.2Social robotics
13.5.3Translation and lexicography
13.6Limitations and future directions
References
Appendixes
Appendix 1.Mean British English prototypicality ratings and unfamiliarity proportions (UP) for 200 emotion words
Appendix 2.Mean Polish Prototypicality ratings and unfamiliarity proportions (UP) for 199 emotion words
Appendix 3.GRID features characterised by the valence dimension
Appendix 4.GRID features characterised by the power dimension
Appendix 5.GRID features characterised by the arousal dimension
Appendix 6.GRID features characterised by the novelty dimension
Appendix 7.Figurative fear scenarios (selection) in Polish (Polish National Corpus nkjp.pl) and English (British National
Corpus)
Index of terms
