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In:

Contrasting English and Polish Emotion Clusters


Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk and Paul A. Wilson
[Human Cognitive Processing 80] 2026
► pp. 34–55

Chapter 2
Culture

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Article outline
  • 2.1Introduction
  • 2.2Cultural influences on emotion concepts
    • 2.2.1Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
      • 2.2.1.1Power distance index (PDI)
      • 2.2.1.2Uncertainty avoidance (UAI)
      • 2.2.1.3Masculinity vs. femininity
      • 2.2.1.4Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO)
      • 2.2.1.5Indulgence vs. restraint (IND)
      • 2.2.1.6Individualism versus collectivism (IDV)
        • 2.2.1.6.1Individualism
        • 2.2.1.6.2Collectivism
        • 2.2.1.6.3Individualism versus collectivism: Criticisms and influences
        • 2.2.1.6.4Vertical and horizontal cultural orientations in individualism and collectivism
    • 2.2.2Religion
    • 2.2.3Political and social influences in Poland and Britain
      • 2.2.3.1The fall of communism in Poland
      • 2.2.3.2Possible collectivistic influences in 19th and 20th century Britain
    • 2.2.4Politeness
    • 2.2.5National pride
  • 2.3Theories of emotion and culture
  • 2.4Cultural linguistics
  • 2.5Conclusions
  • Notes
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