In:Metaphor, Metonymy and Lexicogenesis
Andrew Goatly
[Human Cognitive Processing 78] 2024
► pp. v–x
Published online: 8 November 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.78.toc
https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.78.toc
Table of contents
Typographical conventionsXI
List of tablesXIII
List of figuresXVII
Introduction1
1.Rationale1
2.Metaphor and metonymy2
2.1Metaphor versus metonymy3
2.2Jakobson: Similarity and contiguity as dimensions of meaning3
2.3Conventionalisation of metaphor and metonymy and their themes6
2.4Metaphor, metonymy, genre, relevance and the semantics of grammar8
3.New lexis9
4.Three themes of this book10
5.The outline of the book11
6.The web-site17
Chapter 1.Metaphor18
1.1Introduction18
1.2Defining metaphor18
1.3Problems of the literal-metaphorical distinction23
1.4Clines of metaphor25
1.4.1Approximation and varieties of similarity25
1.4.2Contradictoriness31
1.4.3Explicitness and marking32
1.4.4Conventionality34
1.5Conceptual metaphor and the experientialist hypothesis36
1.6Lexicographical evidence to test Lakoff’s theory: The Thesaurus40
Chapter 2.Metonymy43
2.1Introduction43
2.2Definition43
2.3Metonymy and contiguity48
2.3.1Peirsman and Geeraerts’ contiguity cline49
2.3.2Frames, schemas and degrees of contiguity51
2.3.3Probability and degrees of contiguity53
2.4Onamosiological conventionality, and zone activation v. metonymy54
2.5Conventionalisation of metonymies56
2.6Some conventional metonymy themes61
2.7Metonymy, deletion and semantic roles64
2.8Interpreting metonymy according to the semantic elements of the clause68
2.9Textually generated metonymies and local conventionalisation71
Chapter 3.Problems in distinguishing metaphor and metonymy74
3.1Introduction74
3.2The overlap between metaphor and metonymy75
3.3The experiential hypothesis and metonymic origins of metaphor themes76
3.4Literalisation or situational triggering82
3.5Substitution and combination interdependence84
3.6Analogy and abstract concretisation84
3.7Feature selection as metonymic or metaphoric85
3.8Grounds as potentially metonymic86
3.9Contingent or possible features in metonymy and metaphor87
3.10Metaphtonomy88
3.11Simultaneous metonymy and metaphor89
3.12A cline from metonymy to metaphor?90
Chapter 4.Functions of metaphor and metonymy92
4.1Introduction92
4.2Fiction94
4.3Persuasion, argument and argument by analogy95
4.4Explanation and modelling96
4.5Re-conceptualisation97
4.6Cultural and ideological (re)production97
4.7Symbolism98
4.8Cultivating intimacy100
4.9Humour and games101
4.10Expressing emotion103
4.11Disguise, euphemism, hyperbole107
4.12Textual structuring109
4.13Increasing information content110
4.14Enhancing memorability114
4.15Providing new lexis and making the language system flexible115
Chapter 5.Metaphor and metonymy and new words117
5.1Introduction117
5.2Process of lexicogenesis118
5.3Types of semantic change119
5.3.1Transfer and splitting119
5.3.2Prototype theory, narrowing, widening and shifting120
5.4Lexicogenesis and metaphor/metonymy124
5.4.1Applying our definitions of metaphor and metonymy to lexicogenesis126
5.4.2Forms of lexicogenesis in relation to metaphor and metonymy132
5.4.2.1Semantic-only change or lexical133
5.4.2.2Conversion134
5.4.2.3Suffixation135
5.4.2.4Prefixation136
5.4.2.5Compounding136
5.4.2.6Idiomatisation136
5.4.2.7Blending, acronymy, initialisation and clipping137
5.4.2.8Back-formation137
5.5Summary138
Chapter 6.Probability of metaphor and metonymy in derivation139
6.1Introduction139
6.2The hypothesis139
6.3Method139
6.4Evidence from Macmillan’s English Dictionary143
6.4.1Patterns of literal-figurative base-derivative correlation for conversions144
6.4.2Patterns of literal-figurative base-derivative correlation for suffixation149
6.4.3Patterns of literal-figurative base-derivative correlation
for pre-fixation156
for pre-fixation156
6.4.4Patterns of literal-figurative base-derivative correlation for compounds157
6.4.5Patterns of literal-figurative base-derivative correlation for phrasal verbs159
6.4.6Patterns of literal-figurative base-derivative correlation
for one-phrase idioms163
for one-phrase idioms163
6.4.7Patterns of literal-figurative base-derivative correlation
for two- phrase idioms165
for two- phrase idioms165
6.5Summary and conclusion167
Chapter 7.The processing of lexis and its acquisition170
7.1Introduction170
7.2The distributive lexicon approach, composition, whole word, and phraseology171
7.3Priming theory175
7.3.1Hoey’s priming hypotheses175
7.3.2Critiques of priming theory180
7.3.2.1Intuition and psychology180
7.3.2.2Creativity181
7.3.2.3Orthographic words as the basis for research181
7.3.2.4The relation of text to the world and generic priming183
7.3.2.5Lexical priming, culture/genre and relevance184
7.3.3Priming, word-formation and figurative language185
7.4Formulaic language and minimal analysis theories190
7.4.1Irregularity of form and meaning in frequent and formulaic language190
7.4.2Minimal analysis, child language development, and orality191
7.5Summary193
Chapter 8.Demotivation and re-motivation194
8.1Introduction194
8.2Noun referents and the recognition of sources195
8.2.1The lexical-grammatical word cline and grammaticalisation197
8.2.2Noun properties in contrast with verbs’, metaphor and metonymy198
8.2.3Evidence in the research literature199
8.3Productivity and processing of derivatives, and metaphor/metonymy202
8.3.1How do we measure productivity of affixes?203
8.3.2Whole-word route or de-compositional route for affixations204
8.3.3Productivity, transparency/predictability and metaphor205
8.3.4Frequency, productivity, and recognition of metaphor/metonymy209
8.4Formal indications of de-motivation: Transparency, predictability, and burying210
8.4.1Form and word-class preserving212
8.4.2Conversions212
8.4.3Phrasal compounds, phrasal verbs and idioms213
8.4.4Word compounds214
8.4.5Affixed derivatives214
8.4.6Affixed derivatives with phonological/orthographic changes215
8.4.7Abbreviation: Truncation, blending, initialism, acronymy216
8.4.8Classical and foreign burying218
8.4.9De-motivation and euphemism219
8.5Re-motivation219
8.5.1Phonological attraction and folk etymology220
8.5.2Folk etymology, re-analysis and re-motivation223
8.6Summary and caveats224
Chapter 9.Meaning change: Semantics, pragmatics, relevance and genre226
9.1How and why meanings change226
9.1.1Movement from pragmatics towards semantics226
9.1.2Metaphor and metonymy as well-worn pragmatic pathways229
9.2Relevance theory230
9.2.1What is relevance? Contextual effects and processing effort231
9.2.2Relevance theory, metaphor and metonymy232
9.3Genre-relevance approach to metaphor and metonymy236
9.3.1Situating relevance in social and cultural contexts236
9.3.2Integrating relevance theory, schema theory and genre theory238
9.3.3Genre theory: Field, tenor and mode244
9.3.4Metonymy and metaphor in different genres246
9.3.4.1Risk, genre and metaphor/metonymy247
9.3.4.2Field and metonymic/metaphoric use and interpretation249
9.3.4.3Tenor, cultivating intimacy and conversational
metaphor/metonymy253
metaphor/metonymy253
9.3.4.4Tenor and emotional expression/suppression
in different genres255
in different genres255
9.3.4.5Mode, textual purposes and metaphor/metonymy263
9.3.4.6Processing effort, cost and processing time265
9.4Summary of the importance of genre-relevance267
Chapter 10.Metonymy, metaphor, culture and ideology in lexicogenesis268
10.1Introduction268
10.2Genres as manifestation of culture269
10.2.1Genres as instantiating culture269
10.2.2Language acquisition in socio-cultural contexts271
10.2.2.1Language development in the child271
10.2.2.2Genre, shared collaborative activities and culture272
10.2.3Genre/culture and sub-culture: Shared knowledge, intimacy and abbreviation274
10.3Ideology, anthropocentrism and grammar279
10.3.1Grammar-dependent metonymies and ideology280
10.3.1.1The empathy hierarchy: Active nature and possession schemas281
10.3.1.2Conflating of motion verbs283
10.3.1.3Ergativitiy284
10.3.1.4Nominalisations and passives284
10.3.1.5Personal reference285
10.4Metonymy themes286
10.5Individual lexis and ideology291
10.5.1Complex figuration from a historical perspective291
10.5.2Cultural movements300
10.5.3Social groups, social trends and resistance303
10.5.3.1The problematic young304
10.5.3.2Sexual mores and the family307
10.5.3.3Economy and work309
10.5.4Emotive lexis313
10.5.4.1Euphemism and change in emotive spin313
10.5.4.2Dysphemism and banter in Australian society314
10.5.4.3Pejorative affixes and cultural change316
10.5.5Playful hypothetical nonce words318
10.6Postscript and summary319
References321
Index
