In:Metaphor, Metonymy and Lexicogenesis
Andrew Goatly
[Human Cognitive Processing 78] 2024
► pp. 339–348
Index
Published online: 8 November 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.78.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.78.index
A
- Abelson, R. 3, 37
- accommodation 24, 115, 121, 241
- acronym, acronymy 1, 89, 117–18, 133, 137, 194, 210, 216–18, 223, 261, 276–278, 306, 308
- action genre, passim, but especially 183–84, 269–276
- action schema 9, 49–52, 54, 60, 67, 71, 243, 267, 271–72, 297
- activation of tokenssee token activation
- ad hoc interpretationsee one shot figures
- Adams, V.1
- Thiers, A.300
- adverb 134, 145, 147–49, 154, 155, 197, 209, 214
- adverbial clause65
- advertising, advertisements 1, 103, 205, 255, 257–58, 262–66, 299
- Aesop279
- affect, affective 76, 79 103–4, 247, 252, 256, 311–16 ; see also
- ageism307
- Ahrens, K. 35, 173
- air traffic control 173, 247
- Aitchison, J.5
- Allan, K. 48, 85, 107, 120, 124, 222–23, 279–80
- alliteration 173, 192, 221
- allomorphy 204, 207, 210
- allusion 13, 93, 106, 113–14, 218, 255, 266
- Al-Sharafi, A.112
- altruism, altruistic272
- analogy
- differential29
- root analogy84
- analytic statement 87, 93, 113, 173
- Annaz, D.229
- anchoring285
- anthropocentric, anthropocentrism 268, 274, 279–80, 286, 291
- anti-languages 100, 276, 278
- aphasia, aphasic 4, 201
- appraisal, appraisal theory 92, 103
- approximation, approximative 14, 23–25, 90, 117, 121–22, 123, 232–33
- approximative metaphor 28–29
- Arabic184
- Arbib, M. A. 4, 24, 274
- arbitrary, arbitrariness 21, 119, 220, 319
- architecture, architectural 281–82
- Ardila, A. 4, 5
- argument by analogy 13, 92–93, 95
- Arnold, Matthew20
- Aronoff, M.206
- article, generic use of285
- ascription, syntactic 19, 33
- assignment, syntactic 18–20, 23, 31–33, 43, 46, 65, 85
- assimilation 115, 121, 285
- association, syntactic 13, 32, 33, 92, 177, 178, 189, 201
- assonance221
- Atkins, B. T. 2, 123, 274
- Attardo, S. 101, 242
- attention-getting/grabbing/attraction 261–63, 266
- auction248
- augmentative220
- Thierry, A.300
- Austin, P.248
- Australia, Australian society 17, 314–15
- autonomous/autonomy of nouns 171, 198, 202
- Ayto, J.194
B
- Baayen, H. 203–205, 220
- baby boomers 305–306
- back formation 130, 132–33, 137, 194
- backgrounding 58, 113, 283, 286, 288 ; see also
- Bakhtin, M.24
- banter 256, 313–316
- Bantu282
- Barcelona, A. 40, 48–49, 56, 89, 112, 229
- Barfield, O. 120, 124
- Barnbrook, G. 179–80, 182, 184, 213
- Barnden, J. 82, 85
- Bartsch, R.226
- basic level, basic level categories 10, 22, 114, 199–200
- basic meaning 19–21, 34–35, 47–48, 58
- Basilio, M. 1, 126
- ‘Batter my Heart Three-person’d God’97
- Bauer, L. 1, 125, 145, 203, 206, 211, 215–216, 218, 220–21, 238
- Bede216
- behavioural process70
- Benczes, R.221
- Bennett, Alan275
- Benveniste, E.319
- Bible 114, 279
- Biernacka, E. 48, 82, 89
- billiard ball model40
- Black, M. 86, 288
- Black Lives Matter253
- Blackfoot201
- Blake, William 111, 113, 227
- Blank, A. 118–19, 211, 268
- bleaching 234, 282
- blend, passim but especially 88–89, 132–33, 216–217, 220–21, 317–19
- blog255
- Bloomfield, L. 171, 197
- Blumberg, M.81
- Boissel, Francois300
- Bonyadi, A. 262–63
- Boroditsky, L.38
- bounded, boundedness 36, 49, 51, 114
- Bourdieu, P. 39, 319
- Bowdle, B. F. 85, 227
- Boyd, R. 96, 252
- brain hemisphere 35, 173, 201–202
- branding, brand/product names 258, 290
- Brdar, M. 44, 109–110, 174, 177
- Brdar-Szabó, R. 109, 174
- Broca’s area 4, 5
- Bronte, Charlotte.36
- Bruner, J.272
- Burridge, K.107
- buried/burying of figures 10, 35, 137, 174, 204, 206–219, 224
- Butterfield, J. 17, 180, 194, 220, 223, 269, 275, 277, 291, 317
C
- Caballero, R.281
- Cameron, L. 103, 201, 265
- canonical event model40
- capital punishment250
- Career of Metaphor Theory227
- Carr, J. 101–102
- Carter, R. 254–56
- catch phrase171
- category mistake233
- Causley, C.227
- Chafe, W.265
- Chaplin, Charlie294
- ChatGPT181
- Chinese 219, 283, 320
- Chomsky, Chomskyan 39, 61, 175
- chunks 170, 181, 191–92
- clarity 188, 220, 235, 238 ; see also
- Clark, H. 64, 236, 238, 243, 245
- Clarke, D. 2, 110
- classical mythology218
- class-inclusion (theory) 2, 22–23, 32, 61, 85, 98, 125
- Clear, J. 174, 182, 191
- Clevenger, T.103
- cliché181
- clickbait259
- climate change 276, 318
- clipping 14, 89, 117, 133, 137. 210, 275, 278
- Clivilles, B. S. 58, 97, 112, 235
- CoBUILD 6, 20, 41, 99, 181–82
- COCA 15, 141, 142, 148, 155, 163–66, 168, 186, 188–89, 259
- Code, C.202
- coercion189
- cognitive linguistics 2, 8, 36, 48, 53, 64, 103, 220, 320
- Cohen, J. M.31
- Cohen, M. J.31
- coherence 241–242
- cohesion, cohesive 43, 77, 92, 241
- Cold War 249, 301
- Coleridge, S. T.252
- colligation, colligational 33, 176–78, 186, 188
- Collins Wordbanks Online41
- collocation, collocate 5–6, 10, 64, 113, 170, 174–186, 189, 197–98, 205, 278, 281
- commodities, commodification 75, 97, 297, 309
- common ground 17, 271–73 ; see also
- communism 301 ; see also
- compound, passim
- and probability of figurative meaning 157–59
- and recognition of sources 213–214
- dvandva compound220
- phrasal compound 134, 214
- word compound 134, 214
- composition(al), compositional(ly) 131, 167–74, 190, 193, 204, 209, 219, 224, 235, 248
- conceptual metaphor (theory) 6, 38–42, 74, 89
- concordance 6, 141, 146–47, 176, 186, 188–89, 201
- concretising, concretisation 29, 74, 84, 199
- conflation of motion/movement verbs283
- consonant cluster312
- consumer, consumerism 289–90, 297, 309
- context
- dependent/dependence 171–173, 184, 277
- situational 242–244
- social/socio-cultural 9, 24, 236–38, 244–45, 267, 270
- contextual assumptions 232, 236, 242, 319
- contextual effects 231–32, 235–37
- contextual implication/implicature 232, 242
- contiguity
- cline57
- frame-schema 52–53, 61, 68, 119
- inter-frame 52–54, 60, 61, 68, 86, 119, 120
- inter-schema 52–54, 61, 119–20
- intra-frame 14, 51, 53, 61, 86, 117, 126
- intra-schema 52, 54, 60, 126, 272
- contingent 43, 57, 74, 87
- contradiction, contradictoriness 31–33, 90, 107, 156, 233, 252, 263
- contranyms220
- conversation, conversational 24, 71, 181, 234, 237, 246–47, 249, 253–56, 261, 265–66, 278
- conversion, passim but especially
125–31, 132–34, 139–150
- and probability of figurative meaning 144–149
- and recognition of sources 212–213
- Cook, G. 143, 258
- co-operation, co-operative 246, 272, 299, 301–302
- Cooperative Principle232; see also
- copula 31–33, 252, 263
- Coral Island 94, 113
- Coseriu, E.197
- Coulson, S.81
- Coupland, Douglas 305, 309
- Cowie, A.115
- creative, creativity 1, 44, 110, 171–74, 180–81, 205, 221
- Crespo-Fernandez, E. 259–61
- Crisp, P.104
- Critser, G.296
- Croft, W. 8, 48, 75, 86, 183–84, 189–90, 220
- Crossley-Holland, K.102
- Cruse, A. 8, 75, 183, 220
- Crystal, D. 247, 266, 278
- culture, cultural
- movements300
- sub-culture, sub-cultural 11, 100, 118, 228, 254, 274, 276, 278
- cummings, e.e. 103, 204
D
- Daily Mail19
- Damasio, A.78
- Darkness Visible 72, 266
- Dasher, R. 227, 228
- Davy, D.247
- Dawkins, R.105
- De Jong, N. H.220
- De Palma, P.252
- Debord, G. 299, 307
- decomposition(al), decomposability 131, 173, 185, 190, 202–204, 206–210, 213–214 ; see also
- defamiliarisation252
- de-humanising 256 ; see also
- Deignan, A. 40–41, 201, 237, 246
- dementia 286, 313
- de-motivationsee motivation
- derivation passim
- denominal 10, 132, 194–98, 212
- deverbal 198, 212
- dexterity38
- dialect, dialectal 90, 278
- Dick, A. S.5
- Dickens, Charles 189, 237
- Diez Velasco, O. I.48
- diminutive 220, 299, 306
- Ding, E.219
- Dirven, R. 3, 36, 74, 76, 85, 90, 126
- disambiguate, disambiguation 18, 34, 58, 150, 177, 179, 185–86, 188, 198, 227, 230, 233, 239, 249
- discourse schemas 36, 243–44, 267, 269
- Distributed Lexicon Theory 170–174, 181–82, 193
- domain matrix 48–51
- Dombey and Son189
- Don Quixote246
- Donne, John97
- Dorst, A. G.89
- ‘Dover Beach’20
- Dressler, W. 210–11, 219, 268
- Durán Escribano, P.100
- dyadic relationships 17, 100, 277
- dysphemism 106, 108, 116, 261–63, 313
E
- Earles, J. L.202
- ecology, ecological 274, 279, 291
- economy of communication 13, 92, 109–10, 115–16, 173, 234–35, 238, 278, 299 ; see also
- education 45, 92, 95–97, 246, 249, 261, 269–70, 308–309, 314
- Edwards, R.103
- Ekman, P.104
- elegant variation247
- Eliot, T. S.256
- ellipsis 22, 84, 93, 112, 123, 234–35, 244
- emotion, emotional
- effect/impact 106–107, 116, 256
- expression 22, 92–93, 103–105, 108, 124, 255–57, 315
- negative (affect) 77, 78, 108, 255, 280, 315–16, 319 ; see also
- positive 79, 315
- empathy hierarchy 280–81
- end-focus 236 ; see also
- English, UK273
- English, US 3, 273
- entrenchment, entrenched 20, 34, 57, 86, 215, 229, 251, 269, 274, 291
- equation, syntactic 19, 32
- erasing, erasure 286, 290
- ergative verbs 109, 186, 236, 284
- euphemism, euphemistic 22, 92–93, 107–108, 116, 124, 219, 235, 238, 258–61, 278, 290, 297, 313
- exclusion286
- experientialism, Experiential Hypothesis 7, 18, 36, 38–39, 41, 74, 76, 81, 88
- explanation function 92, 96–97, 105, 106, 229, 248, 251–52, 264–65
- explicate, explicature 229–230, 233, 239, 242
- explicit, explicitness 25, 32–33, 139, 194, 196, 227, 230, 241, 248–49, 252, 266
F
- fables94
- Fainsilber, L.103
- Fairclough, N. 238, 240, 245, 269, 270
- family resemblances25
- feedback248
- Fein, O.83
- Ferris, C. 19, 32
- fictional function of metaphor 13, 92
- field 16, 244–46, 249–51, 253, 256–58, 263–64, 271
- Fillmore, C. 2, 8, 123, 274
- Firbas, J.109
- Firth, J. R.271
- fixed expression/phrase 173–74, 185, 192, 221
- Floyd, George253
- fluency 190, 192, 234
- Fodor, J. 22, 27
- folk etymology 16, 220, 223, 291, 306, 316
- football commentary248
- Forceville, C.103
- foregrounding 64, 93, 112–113, 165, 181, 204, 263, 283
- foreign borrowingsee loan words
- formulaic language 184–85, 190, 192–193, 248, 263, 282
- fossil fuel318
- Foucault, M.39
- Frame Theory/Semantics 2, 8, 36, 41, 64, 123, 238, 267
- frame-frame metonymysee contiguity, inter-frame
- Francis, G.174
- fraternity301
- Free Fall 24, 82, 113
- French 106, 282
- Fries, P. H.109
- Frisson, S. 58, 226
- function wordssee grammatical words
- fuzziness 24–25
G
- Gallese, V.274
- Galt, John292
- Galtung, J.183
- garden path interpretations242
- Gardner, H.202
- Garton, A.192
- Gaza108
- Gazzaniga, M. S.202
- Geeraerts, D. 3, 11, 23, 34, 39, 43, 48–60, 65, 76, 88, 120–23, 126
- Geis, M. L.227
- generation X 304–305, 309
- Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture305
- Generative Lexicon Theory182
- genre
- ancillary 246–48
- open and closed/restricted 247–48
- constituting culture238
- constitutive 36, 97, 246–48, 253, 264
- context 57, 171, 173, 184, 193, 205, 228, 236–37, 246–49, 269
- literary, literary novel 247, 266 ; see also novel
- priming183
- spoken248
- structure 247, 249
- sub-genre183; see also occupational communities
- theory 9, 16, 174, 236, 238, 244, 273
- written 236, 248
- Genre-Relevance Graded Risk Approach to Metaphoric Scalarity 2(GR)AMS, 184, 235, 238
- Gentner, D. 29, 85, 227
- German 24, 121, 283, 316
- Gerrig, R. J.265
- Ghosh, A.307
- Gibbs, R. 199, 265
- Gildea, P.35
- Giora, R.83
- Givón, T. 234, 281
- glottal stop174
- Glucksberg, S. 23, 35, 85, 98
- Golding, William 19, 24, 31, 44–46, 52, 58–9, 72, 82, 84, 87, 89, 94, 99, 110, 113, 264–65
- Gong, S. P.173
- Gonzalez, E. R. 58, 97, 112, 235
- Goodman, N.40
- Goossens, L. 7, 88
- Gradečak-Erdeljić, T.108
- Grady, J. E. 41, 76, 81
- grammatical category 64, 177, 178, 189
- grammatical metaphor 142, 297
- grammatical roles 71, 177
- grammatical words 179, 192, 197, 198
- grammaticalisation
132, 197–98, 234
- de-grammaticalisation310
- Granger, S.182
- granularity55
- graphemes 89, 181, 217
- Great Chain of Being 279–80, 291
- Greaves, L. 101, 102
- greeting 315–16
- Grice, P., Gricean 24, 55, 110, 190, 232–34, 272 ; see also
- Gries, S.Th.221
- grounds, passim, but especially 18–20, 84–88, 126–27, 252–53, 258–59, 264–266, 315–16
- Guizot, Francois300
H
- Haggo, D.248
- Hallberg, E. T.103
- Halliday, M. A.K. 65, 244–49
- Hanauer, D. 204, 265–66
- Handl, S.58
- hapax 203, 209
- Hasan, R. 16, 244–49
- Haspelmath, M. 203–205, 210
- Hawaiian Creole282
- Hay, J. 203–205
- Hayek, F. A.96
- Haynes, O. H.202
- headline 249, 262–63, 265, 294
- Heaney, Seamus 31, 111, 113, 257
- hedges23
- Heine, B. 281–83
- Hercules218
- Hester, Kate294
- Hickey, F.248
- Hiradhar, P. 284, 288, 297, 299, 307, 309
- Hoey, M. 175–183, 221
- Hohenhaus, P. 220, 275, 277
- homograph, homographic213
- homonym34
- homophony213
- Honeck, R. P.202
- hospital discourse238
- Hsu, Y. Y.173
- Hudson, R. 22, 199
- Hughes, Ted 84, 115
- Humboldt’s Universal177
- humour 22, 71, 82, 92, 101, 103, 124, 181, 205, 275, 277, 261–63, 290, 307, 314, 318
- Hunston, S.174
- hyperbole, hyperbolic 22, 92–93, 107–108, 116, 249, 261–263, 265
- hyponym 20, 22–23, 28–30, 98, 142, 311, 317
- co-hyponymy5
- hyponym is/as superordinate 28–29, 121, 142, 165, 290, 294. 309, 311
- hyponymy 22, 61, 125
I
- ICM 36–7, 61, 64, 69, 289
- icon, iconic
48, 76, 99, 219–220, 222
- constructional iconicity219
- identity markers309
- ideogram219
- ideology, ideological, passim but especially
39–41, 87, 92–98, 279–86, 289–303, 307–320
- resistance 98, 292, 298, 303–309, 312–13, 319
- idioms, passim but especially
130–131, 136, 163–169, 171, 174, 182, 185, 191–192, 213–214
- and probability of figurative meaning 163–166
- and recognition of sources 213–214
- image, imagery
39, 76, 93, 103, 106–107, 111, 185, 257, 263, 292, 299, 307
- and basic level terms 114–15, 199–202
- kinesic/kinetic199
- imagination, primary/secondary252
- imitative onomatopoeia 222–23
- implicature, implicated conclusion 230–234, 242, 252
- ‘In a Station of the Metro’31
- ‘In Memoriam’106
- index, indexical 48, 76, 99
- individualism299
- Indo-European222
- infant experience 7, 38, 40, 42
- inference, inferential, passim but especially
57–58, 60, 82, 122–123, 226–230, 233, 239, 242–43, 273
- invited inferences198
- inflection 174, 204, 209, 213, 206
- information
- concentration, informativeness 32, 87, 93, 111, 113–14, 116, 121, 234
- condensing 22, 116
- content 92, 110, 189, 198, 210, 224, 248
- focus 235–36
- given92
- new 92, 231, 235
- theory110
- initialism 89, 117, 133, 216–18, 254, 277
- institutional orders 269, 278, 286
- institutionalisation 11, 34–35, 125
- internet 100, 201, 266, 277–78, 299, 307
- intimacy, cultivation of 92–3, 100, 116, 246, 253–257, 274, 315
- intransitive verb 10, 50, 55, 178, 188, 212, 291, 297
- introspection175
- intuition 1, 41, 93, 175, 180, 212, 243
- Irish282
- irony, ironic 26, 103, 230, 247, 275, 290, 307, 313
- irregular, irregularity 185, 190–91, 210, 212, 216
- Isačenko, A. V.283
- Ishiguro, Kazuo315
- isms302
- Italian316
J
- Jakel, O.40
- Jakobson, R. 3–5, 48, 64, 84, 112, 264
- Janda, L. 1, 47–48, 64, 126, 194–95
- Janus words220
- Jesus100
- Joanette, Y.202
- Johnson, M. 1, 6, 36, 40–41, 120
- joke 3, 45–46, 59, 92, 102, 104, 232, 239, 242–43, 265 ; see also humour
K
- Kastovsky, D.119
- Katz, J. 22, 27
- Kauschke, C.202
- Kersten, A. W.202
- Keysar, B.23
- keyword 268, 298, 302, 307, 319
- Kristiansen, G.303
- Kuhn, T.252
- Kuiper, K.248
- Kӧvecses, Z. 1, 29, 40, 43, 46, 48, 54–56, 61–62, 64, 70, 89, 103, 238, 276, 289–90, 312
L
- Lakoff, G. 1, 6–7, 11, 18, 23, 25, 36–41, 76, 89, 121, 274, 311
- Lamb, S. M.185
- Lancker, van D. 173–74
- Langacker, R. W. 40, 48, 189, 276, 280
- language
- acquisition 2, 22, 24, 49, 60, 170, 183, 191, 229, 250, 268, 271–73, 279
- see also meaning acquisition
- development 117, 170, 191, 250
- instinct175
- Lawler, J. M.220
- Leach, E. 279–80
- Lee, C. Y.173
- Leech, G. N. 22, 118, 181, 263, 315
- legal texts248
- Levin, S. R.94
- lexical gap, lexical gap-filling 22, 44, 115, 124
- lexical-grammatical cline 197–98, 234
- lexical or semantic only lexicogenesis
9, 133
- lexical metaphor 127, 195
- lexical metonymy 46, 47, 127, 194–95
- Lexical Phonology206
- lexical words 171, 197–98
- lexicalized sentence stems182
- lexicographer 142, 191
- Lieber, R. 125, 206, 211, 215–16, 218
- Lipka, L. 1, 7, 103, 122–23, 125
- literal language, literalness
18, 23, 54, 120
- literal-metaphorical cline232
- literal-figurative derivation formulae 140–41, 167, 173
- literalisation 82, 95, 113, 189, 258 ; see also situtational triggering
- literary genres/novels 247, 266
- Littlemore, J. 35, 49, 58, 61–62, 75–76, 83, 100–101, 103, 108, 110, 114, 189, 191, 202, 221, 226, 229, 237–38, 269, 274, 284–85, 290–91, 297–98, 303–304, 307
- Liu, H. L.173
- loan words, foreign borrowing 113, 218
- Lord of the Flies 94, 99, 113
- ‘Love’s Philosophy’95
- Lovejoy, A. O.279
- Lyons, J.119
M
- Macbeth 84, 263
- MacCormac, E. R.202
- Mack, D. 87, 97
- Macmillan English Dictionary, MED 5, 6, 139, 141, 169, 302, 312
- Mahdawi, A.318
- Manning, C. D.179
- mapping
8, 31, 36–37, 74, 90, 96, 222, 227
- cross-domain31
- Marchand, H.1
- Marcus, G. F.237
- Marks, J.285
- Martin, J. R. 103–104, 269
- Martin J103
- Marxist 300–302
- Master List of Metaphors at the University of Berkeley40
- material process 68–71, 282
- mathematical 36–37
- maxim of approbation315
- maxims of Co-operative Principle
- manner 110, 190, 232, 234
- quality 24, 55, 232, 233, 261
- quantity232
- relation 24, 55, 227, 232
- May, A. 289–90
- McArthur, T.220
- McDonalds316
- McGilchrist, I. 35, 173, 202
- McGlone, M. 23, 85, 98
- McKinney, F.253
- meaning acquisition 120 ; see also language acquisition
- meaning change
- narrowing 117–18, 120–21, 142, 191, 272, 294, 311
- shifting 39, 117, 120–121, 123, 207
- splitting 117, 119–120, 123
- widening/merging 117, 120–21, 127, 142, 273, 277, 285, 294, 296, 298, 311, 313
- meaning underspecification226
- Medvedev, Dimitry 262–63
- members’ resources239
- memory
4, 8, 22, 100, 165, 170, 172, 192–4, 204, 235, 242, 275, 313
- long-term 232, 242
- memorability 93, 114–16, 192, 194, 199, 202, 257, 263
- mnemonics 172, 192
- short-term232
- mental concordance 176, 180
- mental process 69–71
- meronymy61
- Metanet 41, 124
- metaphor, metaphoric passim
- active 126, 185, 202, 227–28, 265
- Career of Metaphor Theory227
- clines of metaphor
- approximation 11, 18, 25
- contradictoriness 11, 18
- conventionality 11, 18, 34, 57
- explicitness 11, 18
- competence229
- concretising 29, 74
- conventional 18, 34–35, 39, 75, 85, 198, 227, 265
- conventionalization tests 228–229
- dead 35, 39, 119, 140, 257, 260
- definition 18, 32
- deliberateness 54, 99, 173, 199, 201, 219, 233, 242, 296, 300
- diminishing signalling/specification 73, 110, 248
- extended 74, 84, 92, 94, 103, 109, 164, 264
- functions 92–116
- impositive 87, 97
- inactive 134, 227, 228, 265
- Interaction Theory288
- logic92
- marking 11, 18, 32, 33, 34
- mimetic 94, 273, 292
- nautical metaphor 189, 214
- novel/original (active) 27, 34–35, 84, 94, 173, 202, 226–28, 233, 247 ; see also one-shot figures
- pathways251
- phenomenalistic 94, 164
- physical-relational 29, 84
- prototypical and non-prototypical 29, 34, 74, 94, 122
- psychological impact18
- recognition 137, 169–70, 195–96, 201–202, 209–10, 214, 248–249, 266
- specification of targets and grounds 33, 72–74, 84, 87, 110, 194, 196, 247–48, 252, 266
- symbolic 28–29
- theory-constitutive 265 ; see also modelling
- transfer metaphors 24, 29, 41, 85–86, 100, 117, 119–120, 122–23, 142, 194, 233, 287
- metaphor and metonymy
- signalling 23, 34, 37, 73, 110, 185, 194–196, 201, 247, 252, 266 ; see also metaphor, marking
- formula for themes 40, 44, 61, 105, 127
- metaphtonomy 74, 88
- Metcalf, A. 185, 269, 277–79, 291–99, 305–306, 308, 311–312
- metonymy passim
- definition 11, 43, 47, 49
- competence229
- diminishing signalling/specification 110, 248
- functions 97–116
- novel 57–8, 87, 111, 227, 233 ; see also one-shot figures
- pathways251
- prototypical 49, 57, 61, 74, 87
- recognition of249
- metrical patterns192
- Middle English 192, 222
- Mignet, François-Auguste300
- Mihatsch, W.198
- Miller, D. G. 1, 42, 120, 212
- Minimal Analysis Theory 170, 190, 193, 230
- minor sentences244
- mirror hypothesis 4, 24, 274
- mis-spelling291
- Mitchell, B.102
- mode 244, 246–47, 249, 251, 263, 264
- modelling 22, 39, 92–93, 96, 251 ; see also metaphor, theory-constitutive
- modification, syntactic
18–20, 31–33, 41, 43–46, 84, 188, 235, 316
- pre-modification, premodifier 19, 32–33, 121, 186–88, 213
- restrictive235
- Moll, H.271
- Monbiot, G.108
- monosemy 55, 182, 197
- Monty Python1
- Moore, Michael296
- More than Cool Reason40
- morpheme
- bound 14, 117, 132, 135, 171
- free morphemes 14, 117, 132–33, 136
- mono-morphemic nouns 199, 202
- sub-morphemic 173, 220
- motivation
- de-motivation 194, 210–212, 219
- re-motivation 194, 219–220, 223
- Mulder, G.89
- multi-word expressions/units 182, 185, 190, 221
- Munro, Alice 57, 230
- Murphy, M. L. 113, 121, 198–200, 273, 283
- ‘My heart leaps up’31
N
- Naciscione, A. 173, 221
- neologism 87, 92, 194, 203, 205, 277, 320 ; see also nonce word
- Nerlich, B. 2, 110
- neurons274
- news 101, 181, 183, 249, 253, 261–62, 269, 294, 318
- newspapers 183, 213, 259, 261, 266, 275
- nominalisation
52, 69, 70, 72, 142, 160–61, 198, 260, 284, 296
- improper199
- proper199
- nonce word 137, 203, 217, 277, 309, 318–20 ; see also neologism
- Norrick, N. R.72
- noun, passim but especially 128–37, 143–151, 210–217
- novels 48, 87, 246, 264, 266 ; see also genre, literary
- Nunberg, G.237
O
- Oakley, T.81
- Obama, Barack 108, 111
- obfuscation 268, 284, 286
- objectivism39
- occupational communities276
- Old French292
- ‘On the Farm’264
- one-shot figures, also ad hoc figures 27, 40, 44, 118, 229, 237
- onomasiological reference 18, 22, 44, 54–56, 121, 125, 199, 233, 285
- opaque, opacity 119, 167, 185, 193, 206–7, 210–219, 235, 277–78, 294, 313
- Opie, I.193
- Opie, P.193
- orality 191 ; see also pre-literacy
- orthographic words 9, 127, 133, 170–71, 180–82, 191–92, 213–215, 218
- orthographic changes with derivation 215–216
- Ortony, A.103
- Orwell, G.259
- othering285
- outsider’s term304
- outsiders 274, 294, 315
- Oxford English Dictionary, OED, 105, 148, 150, 156, 180, 305–310, 314
- oxymoron 31, 34–35, 263
P
- Panther, K-U. 48, 57, 59, 61, 64–65, 76, 86–87, 126, 132, 158, 229, 277, 291, 310, 320
- Papafragou, A. 59, 229–30
- Paprotte, W.36
- paradigmatic axis 2, 4, 74, 84, 226
- Paradis, C. 44, 54, 56–57, 235
- Paradise Lost82
- paradox 31, 97, 263
- parsing, parsability 204, 207, 213, 215
- participle
- participial adjective 186–87, 208, 213, 215
- past participle 164, 177–78, 186–188, 213
- present participle213
- partonomysee meronymy
- passive 178, 187–88, 284
- Pattern Grammar174
- Paul, H.1
- Pawley, A. 182, 248
- Pearson, H.318
- Peirce, C. S. 76, 99
- Peirsman, Y. 11, 43, 48–51, 53–54, 56, 58, 60, 126
- pejorative 105, 280, 296, 305, 311, 316–317 ; see also emotion, negative emotion/affect
- Peña Cervel, M. S. 109, 186, 234
- Pérez Hernández, L.229
- personification
89, 98, 106, 108, 261, 281–82
- dis-personification 75, 89, 288, 296, 307
- petrifaction118
- phatic 235, 253
- phonaesthetics220
- phonology, phonological
- alternation 207, 215–16, 236
- attraction 220–223, 295, 312
- burying 213–216
- priming221
- reduction 118, 198, 211, 215–16
- stresssee stress
- phrase
- free 141, 174
- holistic 173–74, 190
- phrasal verbs
134, 139, 142–143, 159, 162, 167–171, 179, 185, 213
- and probability of figurative meaning 159–163
- and recognition of sources 213–214
- phraseological units 173, 182
- phrasicon182
- Pickering, M. J.58
- ‘Pike’115
- Pincher Martin19
- Plag, I. 125, 203, 206–208, 210–211, 215–216, 218, 224
- Plath, Sylvia 104, 257
- poetry 92, 106, 173, 181, 192, 204, 252, 255–56, 263–66, 300
- politeness 235, 246, 259
- positive face259
- politics, political speech 252, 259, 294
- polysemy, polyseme 2, 23, 35, 56, 90, 123, 125, 177, 182, 190, 197, 209–210, 230
- ‘Poor Women in a City Church’111
- Pope Benedict 16th275
- Popper, K.96
- popular science 248, 251–52, 264–66
- Porings, R.76
- possession, grammar of281
- action schema283
- location schema282
- companion schema283
- Pound, Ezra 31, 309
- power
- of employers288
- relations 11, 268, 286, 311
- struggle 269, 320
- Pragglejazz21
- pragmatics, passim but especially
57–59, 225–230, 238–243, 267–268, 271–72
- pragmatic association176
- pragmatic function184
- pathways of interpretation229; see also semantic, semantic versus pragmatic meaning
- Pratt, U.192
- prefix, prefixation
117, 129–133, 136, 139, 141, 143, 150, 168–9, 218, 316
- and probability of figurative meaning 156–157
- pre-literacy 191–92, 229 ; see also orality
- preposition 19, 130, 132, 134–35, 197, 239
- Primark311
- primary scenes 40, 41, 76, 229
- priming, passim especially 175–193
- processing
- bottom-up 190, 243
- cost, effort 18, 59, 110, 114, 172–73, 191, 231–37, 247, 265–66, 296
- time 244, 265–66
- top-down243
- whole phrase 10, 190
- whole word 10, 131, 170, 171, 193, 195, 202–205, 209–10, 219, 235
- product namessee branding
- production lines40
- productivity
125, 174, 190, 202–209, 224–25, 237
- formula for measuring203
- unproductive affixes 202–203, 206, 235
- profiling 8–9, 48
- Prohibition 88, 264, 294–95
- pronoun
112, 285
- third person singular285
- pronunciation 173–74, 198
- proper name 93, 114, 146
- propositional attitude 229–230
- Protestant work ethic311
- prototype 25, 30, 49, 117, 120–22
- Proust, M. 48, 275
- proverb 28–29, 98, 142, 171, 221, 297–98
- psychological counselling, psychotherapy 92, 103
- public speaking 181, 259
- pun266
- Pustejovsky, J.182
- Putin, V. 262–63
Q
- qualia theory242
- Quirk, R.108
R
- Rabagliati, H.237
- ‘Rabbit Catcher’257
- racism, racist
94, 246, 253, 303, 307, 316
- colour-coded racial categories285
- Radden, G. 1, 7, 29, 43, 46, 48, 54–56, 61–62, 64, 70, 85, 89, 126, 226, 238, 276, 289–90
- radial category 25, 120–121, 123
- Rainer, F. 124–25, 215
- Ramscar, M.38
- Rana Plaza311
- Raskin, V.101
- re-analyse, re-analysis 223–24, 306
- recipes 244, 246, 269
- re-conceptualisation function of metaphor 92–93, 97, 252
- redundancy 93, 113, 190, 234, 235, 248
- reference assignment 229–230, 233
- register 244, 247, 269 ; see also field, mode, tenor
- reification 44, 142
- Reijinierse, G. 201, 246
- relational process/meaning 68, 186
- Relevance Theory, RT, relevance, chapter 9, and passim but especially 8–9, 55–56, 225–39, 241–47, 267–68, 272–73, 319–20
- remotivationsee motivation
- re-reading 248, 265–66
- resistancesee ideology
- restaurant schema/script 3, 37, 57, 60, 112
- resultative234
- rheme236
- Rhodes, R. A.220
- rhyme 173, 192, 221
- riddle 92, 102, 252, 265
- Rifkin, J.80
- risk in communication 18, 84, 100, 111, 227, 235, 237, 247–49, 252, 296
- Ritchie, G.101
- Rizzolatti, G. 4, 274
- Robinson Crusoe94
- Roldan Riejos, A.100
- role relationships244
- Romanticism300
- Romeo and Juliet 81, 263
- Romney, Mitt111
- root
4, 21, 47, 120, 204, 206–207, 213, 215, 222, 310
- bound 218–19
- Rosenberg, Isaac296
- routine interactions173
- RTsee Relevance Theory
- Ruge, M.183
- Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, F. J. 48, 186, 229, 234
- Rundblad, G.229
- Runyon, Damon296
- Rushdie, Salman72
- Russian 252, 259, 282, 317, 320
S
- Safire, William278
- Saint-Simon, Henri de300
- sales encounter 236, 247, 249
- salience, salient 25, 27, 29, 56, 59, 89, 112, 114, 230, 267, 274
- Sampson, G.175
- Samuel 113–14
- Samuel, M. 262–63
- Santa Ana, O.103
- Saudi Arabia 228, 318
- Saussure, F. de 4, 190, 220
- Sayle, Murray314
- Schank, R. 3, 37
- Scheppegrell, M. J.284
- Schreuder, R.220
- Schumacher, E. F.320
- Schutze, H.179
- scientific theory 39, 92, 96, 251 ; see also modelling
- seasonal affective disorder, SAD79
- segmentation, segmentability 185, 190–92, 204
- selectional restriction55
- semantic
- associations 176–77, 181, 188–89
- distinguishers 22, 27
- drift206
- enrichment 198, 230
- feature selection 74, 76, 85–86
- field 29, 33, 51, 109, 119, 222, 280
- hierarchy 22, 125, 199, 279, 281
- markers 22, 27
- opaquenesssee opaque
- relativity230
- roles 64–65, 239, 267
- semantic versus pragmatic meaning 227–28
- semasiological reference 18, 22, 44, 54–56, 142
- semi-fixed expression 172, 174, 181
- Semino, E. 82, 103–104, 246
- service encounter 246–49
- set theory 36, 61
- Seto, K. 2, 61
- sexism, sexist 92, 213, 285, 316
- sexual mores313
- Shakespeare, William 63, 68, 114, 118, 126, 263, 290
- shared knowledge 100–101, 272–74 ; see also common ground
- Shaw, P.95
- Shelley, Percy, B.95
- Shklovsky, V.252
- Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, SOED 5–6
- shorthand, shortcut 22, 45, 64, 100, 112, 210, 255, 271, 276
- Siegelman, E. Y.103
- similarity formulae 25–30 ; see also Tversky
- similes 33, 221
- Sims, A. D. 203–205, 210
- Sinclair, J. M. 174–75, 177–79, 181, 185–86
- Singapore 275, 288
- Singapore English275
- situational triggering 82, 113, 189 ; see also literalisation
- Slabakova, R. 57, 112, 230, 237
- Slavic languages283
- social
- groups 17, 269, 291, 303–304, 313, 319
- media 137, 259, 299, 307
- movements 291, 300–303
- order 269–70, 276
- Society of the Spectacle 299, 307
- socio-cultural knowledge232
- solidarity 301, 314–15
- sound repetition 263 ; see also alliteration, assonance, rhyme
- sound symbolism 16, 220, 222–23
- source construction 19–20, 74, 84, 103, 114, 210
- Spanish 51, 186, 275, 283
- spelling 101, 198, 210, 216 ; see also mis-spelling
- Spenney, M. J.202
- Sperber, D. 9, 229–33, 236, 251, 273
- sports commentary248
- St Audrey216
- Steen, G. 3, 11, 18, 21, 104, 201, 265
- Stekauer, P. 124–25, 220, 238, 268
- Stenneken, P.202
- stereotype, stereotyping 8, 37, 54–55, 184, 239, 242, 271, 285, 297, 304, 307–308
- stress 10, 173–174, 206–207, 212–16, 235–36
- Stubbs, M.180
- subjectivism39
- subject incorporation158
- suffix, passim
- class 1 206–212, 215–16, 219
- class 2 207–209, 214–216
- suffixation, passim
- and probability of figurative meaning 149–155, 167–169
- and recognition of sources 202–209, 214–216
- sunbathing250
- superordinate, superordinacy
5, 18, 22–23, 28–30, 98, 125, 142, 200, 285, 305, 311
- superordinate is hyponym metaphor 28–29, 165, 311, 317
- superordinate-hyponym relation 98, 121
- suppletion216
- Swales, J. 247, 269
- swearwords172
- Sweetser, E.219
- Swiss Family Robinson94
- Syder, F. H.182
- syllable
- nuclear235
- re-syllabification 207, 215
- symbol, symbolic220
- symbolic metaphors 28–29
- symbolism 92, 98
- sympathetic physical movement222
- synecdoche, synecdochal 2, 28–30, 42, 44, 55, 61, 84–86
- metaphors 28–29, 42
- syntactic parallelism192
- syntagmatic axis 2, 4, 6, 9, 43, 48, 61, 64, 71, 74, 84, 86, 112, 132, 175, 234
- synthetic personalisation257
- synthetic statements 87, 93, 113
- Systemic Functional Linguistics/Grammar SFG 8, 9, 43, 64–66, 244 ; see also behavioural process, material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process
- Szymanek, B.291
T
- taboo 88, 92, 107, 246, 255, 258, 280, 315
- Tabossi, P. 56, 175, 179
- Talmy, L.195
- Tantalus218
- target completor 19–20, 84, 114
- target indicator 33, 127
- tautology33
- Taylor, J. R. 53, 276
- Taylorism294
- Tehran Times262
- telegram278
- telegraph278
- Tennyson, A. Lord106
- tenor 244, 246, 249, 251, 253–263, 271
- texting 266, 278
- textual structuring 13, 17, 92–93, 109, 264
- text-world 13, 94
- Enchantress of Florence 72, 109, 264
- ‘Little Vagabond’111
- Remains of the Day315
- Road to Serfdom96
- theme, thematisation 109, 236
- Things Fall Apart266
- Thomas, J. 226, 282
- Thomas, Edward 99, 281, 288
- Thomas, R. S.264
- Thomas, Dylan181
- Thompson, J. B.268
- Thornburg, L. 48, 57, 59, 61, 64–65, 76, 86–87, 126, 132, 158, 229, 277, 291, 310, 320
- Tibballs, G. 3, 101–102, 232
- Tillyard, E. M. W.279
- time and motion studies294
- time schedules289
- Todd, Laurie292
- token activation 281–82, 288
- ‘Tom Bowling’83
- Tomasello, M. 51, 234, 271–74
- tone patterns247
- topic and focus 236 ; see also theme
- topic switching247
- Tournier, J.1
- transitive verb
10, 50, 178, 188, 212, 282–83, 291, 297
- text-transitive verb178
- transitivity 43, 66
- transparency 118, 185, 194, 202, 205–15, 217, 224
- Traugott, E. C. 122, 124, 227–28
- Tremblay, P.5
- truncation 132, 187, 206–207, 216, 275–76, 304, 311, 316
- Truss, Liz106
- Tsur, R.104
- Tuggy, D.220
- Turner, M. 36, 40, 317
- Tversky, A. 25–27, 29, 30
U
- Ullmann, S. 119, 121, 177
- unexpressed objects 112, 273
- unitary concepts 117, 124
- universals 110, 224, 274
- universalism39
- unpredictability
93, 198
- and information111
V
- vague, vagueness 21, 23–24, 123, 176, 226, 230, 259, 261, 303
- Venda282
- Vendler, Z. 142, 199
- verbal process88
- Villette36
- Vonnegut, Kurt306
- vowel
- alternation 206, 216
- strengthening215
- weakening215
- high back220
- high front220
W
- Waldron, R. A. 119–21
- Warren, B. 94, 109, 113, 125–126
- Watts, R. J. 113, 246
- weather forecasts248
- Weiner, E. J.252
- Wernicke’s area 4–5
- Werth, P.94
- White, P. R. R. 58, 103–104, 284
- Whorf, B. L. 319, 320
- Wierzbicka, A. 269, 291, 314–16
- Wilkinson, P. R.41
- Williams, R. 269, 291, 298, 300–303, 305, 307, 310, 314
- Wilson, D. 229–33, 236, 251, 273
- Winner, E.202
- Wittgenstein, L. 25, 274
- Wolfson, N.255
- word boundaries 182, 191–92
- Wordnet 41, 195–197
- Wordsworth, William 31, 256, 300
- World War II 277–278, 296–98
- Wray, A. 171–74, 180, 184, 185, 190–92, 202, 235, 248, 276, 279
Y
- Yarowsky, D. 179, 198
- Yeats, William Butler97
Z
- Zarcone, A. 242–43, 251
- zero-derivation 126, 139, 144, 146
- Ziegler, D.189
- Zipf ’s law 197, 202, 209
- zone activation 43, 54–56, 74, 90, 199, 233
- Zwaan, R. A.266
- Zwicky, A. M.227
