In:Studies in Figurative Thought and Language
Edited by Angeliki Athanasiadou
[Human Cognitive Processing 56] 2017
► pp. 295–321
Chapter 12The psychological reality of spatio-temporal metaphors
Published online: 26 April 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.56.12ath
https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.56.12ath
Abstract
Time provides essential structure to human experience. This chapter reviews the available empirical evidence for a fundamental metaphoric structure such as time is space in figurative language and thought. The chapter is organized into three over-arching themes: Motion through time, temporal succession, and duration estimation. A large part of the experimental evidence lends support to the psychological reality of the time is space metaphor, revealing the inextricable link between conceptual metaphor in language and time perception. The review also reveals that linguistic space-time mappings may be overridden by cultural conventions, calling for further empirical cross-linguistic and cross-cultural exploration within experimental cognitive linguistics.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Motion through time
- 3.Temporal succession
- 4.Duration estimation
- 5.Conclusion
Acknowledgements References
References (45)
Alards-Tomalin, D., Leboe-McGowan, J. P., Shaw, J. D. M., & Leboe-McGowan, L. C. 2014. The effects of numerical magnitude, size, and color saturation on perceived interval duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(2), 555–566.
Bender, A., Beller, S., & Bennardo, G. 2010. Temporal frames of reference: Conceptual analysis and empirical evidence from German, English, Mandarin Chinese and Tongan. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10(3), 283–307. .
Boroditsky, L. 2000. Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75(1), 1–28.
2001. Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers’ conceptions of time. Cognitive Psychology, 43(1), 1–22.
Boroditsky, L., Fuhrman, O., & McCormick, K. 2011. Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? Cognition, 118(1), 123–129.
Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. 2007. Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 49–57.
Casasanto, D. 2005. Perceptual foundations of abstract thought. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
2008. Who’s afraid of the big bad Whorf? Crosslinguistic differences in temporal language and thought. Language Learning, 58(s1), 63–79.
2010. Space for thinking. In V. Evans, & P. Chilton (Eds.), Language, Cognition and Space: The State of the Art and New Directions (453–478). London: Equinox.
Casasanto, D., & Boroditsky, L. 2008. Time in the mind: Using space to think about time. Cognition, 106(2), 579–593.
Cienki, A. 1998. Metaphoric gestures and some of their relations to verbal metaphoric expressions. Discourse and Cognition: Bridging the Gap, 189–204.
Clark, H. H. 1973. Space, time, semantics, and the child. In T. Moore (Ed.), Cognitive development and the acquisition of language (27–63). New York: Academic Press.
Cohen, J., Hansel, C., & Sylvester, J. D. 1953. A new phenomenon in time judgment. Nature, 172, 901–903.
Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., & Giraux, P. 1993. The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122(3), 371–396.
De la Fuente, J., Santiago, J., Roman, A., Dumitrache, C., & Casasanto, D. 2014. When you think about it, your past is in front of you: How culture shapes spatial conceptions of time. Psychological Science, 25(9), 1682–1690.
Evans, V. 2004. How we conceptualise time: Language, meaning and temporal cognition. Essays in Arts and Sciences, 33(2), 13.
Gentner, D., Imai, M., & Boroditsky, L. 2002. As time goes by: Evidence for two systems in processing space → time metaphors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 17(5), 537–565.
Levinson, S. C. 2003. Space in Language and Cognition: Explorations in Cognitive Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, S. C., & Majid, A. 2013. The island of time: Yélî Dnye, the language of Rossel Island. Cultural Psychology, 4, 61
Macrae, C. N., Miles, L. K., & Best, S. B. 2012. Moving through time. Mental time travel and social behavior. In J. P. Forgas, K. Fiedler, & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Social Thinking and Interpersonal Behavior (113–126). New York: Psychology Press.
McGlone, M. S., & Harding, J. L. 1998. Back (or forward?) to the future: The role of perspective in temporal language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24(5), 1211–1223.
Miles, L. K., Nind, L. K., & Macrae, C. N. 2010. Moving through time. Psychological Science, 21(2), 222–223.
Miles, L. K., Tan, L., Noble, G. D., Lumsden, J., & Macrae, C. N. 2011. Can a mind have two time lines? Exploring space–time mapping in Mandarin and English speakers. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(3), 598–604.
Moore, K. E. 2006. Space-to-time mappings and temporal concepts. Cognitive Linguistics, 17(2), 199–244.
Núñez, R. E., Motz, B. A., & Teuscher, U. 2006. Time after time: The psychological reality of the ego-and time-reference-point distinction in metaphorical construals of time. Metaphor and Symbol, 21(3), 133–146.
Núñez, R. E., & Sweetser, E. 2006. With the future behind them: Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive Science, 30(3), 401–450.
Rothe-Wulf, A., Beller, S., & Bender, A. 2014. Temporal frames of reference in three Germanic languages: Individual consistency, interindividual consensus, and cross-linguistic variability. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1–23.
Sarrazin, J.-C., Giraudo, M.-D., Pailhous, J., & Bootsma, R. J. 2004. Dynamics of Balancing Space and Time in Memory: Tau and Kappa Effects Revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30(3), 411–430.
Sinha, C., Sinha, V. D. S., Zinken, J., & Sampaio, W. 2011. When time is not space: the social and linguistic construction of time intervals and temporal event relations in an Amazonian culture. Language and Cognition, 3(1), 137–169.
Slobin, D. I. 1996. From “thought and language” to “thinking for speaking”. Rethinking Linguistic Relativity, 17, 70–96.
Spreng, R. N., & Levine, B. 2006. The temporal distribution of past and future autobiographical events across the lifespan. Memory & Cognition, 34(8), 1644–1651.
Suddendorf, T. 2010. Linking yesterday and tomorrow: Preschoolers’ ability to report temporally displaced events. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 491–498.
Traugott, E. C. 1978. On the expression of spatio-temporal relations in language. Universals of Human Language, 3, 369–400.
Tulving, E. 1985. Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 26(1), 1–12.
Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S., & Winter, A. 1991. Cross-cultural and developmental trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology, 23(4), 515–557.
Cited by (8)
Cited by eight other publications
Bylund, Emanuel, Steven Samuel & Panos Athanasopoulos
Stamenković, Dušan, Vladimir Figar & Miloš Tasić
Li, Heng & Yu Cao
Dobrovol’skij, Dmitrij
Kiklewicz, Aleksander
Shen, Shu & Heng Li
Nute, Kevin
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 10 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
