Cover not available

In:Why Gesture?: How the hands function in speaking, thinking and communicating
Edited by Ruth Breckinridge Church, Martha W. Alibali and Spencer D. Kelly
[Gesture Studies 7] 2017
► pp. 331–351

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload Book PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload Book EPUB
authorization required

Chapter 15
Gesture’s role in learning interactions

A focus on clinical populations

 | Kennedy Krieger Institute
 | University of Pittsburgh
Published online: 26 April 2017
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/gs.7.16leb
Abstract
Gesture difficulties in childhood may be found for some clinical populations with communication and language difficulties, while gesture may be used to compensate for difficulties in other children. Thus, the potential for gesture to supplement interaction and learning opportunities may be both limited and harnessed to support learning. Bidirectional relations during interactions between child and adult provide a mechanism through which gesture may be harnessed to support learning in clinical populations. For instance, the information conveyed in children’s gestures can influence the input that adults provide to children and this input, particularly gesture, can then support children’s learning during these interactions. Through both formal (e.g., interventions) and informal interactions, gesture provides opportunities to support rich interactions and learning in clinical populations.
Article outline
  • Gesture production by children from clinical populations
    • Children with language impairment
    • Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
    • Children with Down Syndrome
    • Children at risk for language delays
    • Summary
  • Gestural support for social interaction and language development
    • Child gesture can elicit responses from adults during social interactions that support learning
    • Gestures that adults produce when communicating with children with language delays can enrich interactions and learning opportunities
  • Concluding summary
  • Acknowledgements
  • Note
  • References
References (85)
References
American Psychiatric Association 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baio, Jon 2012. “Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2008.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Surveillance Summaries. 61 (3): 1–19.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bates, Elizabeth, Benigni, Laura, Bretherton, Inge, Camaioni, Luigia, & Volterra, Virginia 1979. The Emergence of Symbols. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bates, Elizabeth, & Dick, Frederic 2002. “Language, gesture, and the developing brain.” Developmental Psychobiology 40: 293–310. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blake, Joanna, Myszczyszyn, Debbie, Jokel, Ariela, & Bebiroglu, Neda 2008. “Gestures accompanying speech in specifically language-impaired children and their timing with speech.” First Language 28 (2): 237–253. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bondy, Andrew S., & Frost, Lori A. 1994. “The picture exchange communication system.” Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 9 (3): 1–19. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Butterworth, George, & Morissette, Paul 1996. “Onset of pointing and the acquisition of language in infants.” Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 14 (3): 219–231. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Capone, Nina, & McGregor, Karla 2005. “The effect of semantic representation on toddlers’ word retrieval.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48: 1468–1480. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chapman, Robin S., & Hesketh, Linda J. 2000. “Behavioral phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome.” Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 (2): 84–95. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Colgan, Siobhan E., Lanter, Elizabeth, McComish, Cara, Watson, Linda R., Crais, Elizabeth R., & Baranek, Grace T. 2006. “Analysis of social interaction gestures in infants with autism.” Child Neuropsychology 12 (4–5): 307–319. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dawson, Geraldine, Rogers, Sally, Munson, Jeffrey, Smith, Milani, Winter, Jamie, Greenson, Jessica, … & Varley, Jennifer 2010. “Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model.” Pediatrics 125 (1): e17-e23. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Delprato, Dennis J. 2001. “Comparisons of discrete-trial and normalized behavioral language intervention for young children with autism.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 31 (3): 315–325. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
de Marchena, Ashley, & Eigsti, Inge-Marie 2010. “Conversational gestures in autism spectrum disorders: Asynchrony but not decreased frequency.” Autism Research 3 (6): 311–322. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Demir, Özlem Ece, Levine, Susan. C., & Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2010. “Narrative skill in children with early unilateral brain injury: A possible limit to functional plasticity.” Developmental Science, 13 (4): 636–647. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Demir, Özlem Ece, Fisher, Joan. A., Goldin-Meadow, Susan, & Levine, Susan 2014. “Narrative processing in typically developing children and children with early unilateral brain injury: Seeing gesture matters.” Developmental Psychology 50 (3): 815. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ellis, Erica M., & Thal, Donna J. 2008. “Early language delay and risk for language impairment.” SIG 1 Perspectives on Language Learning and Education 15 (3): 93–100. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Evans, Julia L., Alibali, Martha. W., & McNeil, Nicole. M. 2001. “Divergence of verbal expression and embodied knowledge: Evidence from speech and gesture in children with specific language impairment.” Language and Cognitive Processes 16 (2–3): 309–331. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fey, Marc E., Warren, Steven F., Fairchild, Martha, Sokol, Shari, & Yoder, Paul J. 2006. “Early effects of responsivity education/prelinguistic milieu teaching for children with developmental delays and their parents.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 49 (3): 526–547. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gamliel, Ifat, Yirmiya, Nurit, Jaffe, Dena H., Manor, Orly, & Sigman, Marian 2009. “Developmental trajectories in siblings of children with autism: Cognition and language from 4 months to 7 years.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39 (8): 1131–1144. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gilbert, Kimberly 2008. “Milieu communication training for late talkers.” SIG 1 Perspectives on Language Learning and Education 15 (3): 112–118. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldberg, Wendy A., Jarvis, Kelly L., Osann, Kathryn, Laulhere, Tracy M., Straub, Carol, Thomas, Erin, … & Spence, M. Anne 2005. “Brief report: Early social communication behaviors in the younger siblings of children with autism.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 35: 657–664. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2005. Hearing Gesture: How Our Hands Help Us Think. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldin-Meadow, Susan, Goodrich, Whitney, Sauer, Eve, & Iverson, Jana 2007. “Young children use their hands to tell their mothers what to say.” Developmental Science 10 (6): 778–785. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldstein, Howard 2002. “Communication intervention for children with autism: A review of treatment efficacy.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32 (5): 373–396. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goodwyn, Susan W., Acredolo, Linda P., & Brown, Catherine A. 2000. “Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development.” Journal of Nonverbal behavior 24 (2): 81–103. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gordon, Rupa Gupta, & Watson, Linda R. 2015. “Brief report: Gestures in children at risk for autism spectrum disorders.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders: 1–7.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ingersoll, Brooke 2012. “Brief report: Effect of a focused imitation intervention on social functioning in children with autism.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 42 (8): 1768–1773. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ingersoll, Brooke, & Lalonde, Katherine 2010. “The impact of object and gesture imitation training on language use in children with autism spectrum disorder.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 53 (4): 1040–1051. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ingersoll, Brooke, Lewis, Elizabeth, & Kroman, Emily 2007. “Teaching the imitation and spontaneous use of descriptive gestures in young children with autism using a naturalistic behavioral intervention.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 (8): 1446–1456. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Iverson, Jana M., & Braddock, Barbara A. 2011. “Gesture and motor skill in relation to language in children with language impairment.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 54: 72–86 Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Iverson, Jana M., & Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2005. “Gesture paves the way for language development.” Psychological Science 16 (5): 367–371. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Iverson, Jana M., Longobardi, Emiddia, & Caselli, M. Cristina 2003. “Relationship between gestures and words in children with Down's syndrome and typically developing children in the early stages of communicative development.” International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 38 (2): 179–197. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Iverson, Jana M., Longobardi, Emiddia, Spampinato, Katia, & Caselli, M. Cristina 2006. “Gesture and speech in maternal input to children with Down’s syndrome.” International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 41 (3): 235–251. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kelly, Spencer 2001. “Broadening the units of analysis in communication: Speech and nonverbal behaviours in pragmatic comprehension.” Journal of Child Language 28 (02): 325–349. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kendon, Adam 1994. “Do gestures communicate? A review.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 27 (3): 175–200. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Koegel, Lynn Kern 2000. “Interventions to facilitate communication in autism.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 30 (5): 383–391. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Landa, Rebecca 2007. “Early communication development and intervention for children with autism.” Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 13 (1): 16–25. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Landa, Rebecca J., Holman, Katherine C., O’Neill, Allison H., & Stuart, Elizabeth A. 2011. “Intervention targeting development of socially synchronous engagement in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52 (1): 13–21. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
LeBarton, Eve Sauer, Goldin-Meadow, Susan, & Raudenbush, Stephen 2015. “Experimentally-induced increases in early gesture lead to increases in spoken vocabulary.” Journal of Cognition and Development 16 (2): 199–220. 15248372.2013.858041. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
LeBarton, Eve Sauer, & Iverson, Jana M. 2016. “Gesture development in toddlers with an older sibling with autism.” International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 51 (1): 18–30. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leezenbaum, Nina B., Campbell, Susan B., Butler, Derrecka & Iverson, Jana M. 2014. “Maternal verbal responses to communication of infants at low and heightened risk of autism.” Autism 18 (6): 694–703. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leonard, Laurence B. 2014. Children with Specific Language Impairment. MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lord, Catherine, Risi, Susan, DiLavore, Pamela S., Shulman, Cory, Thurm, Audrey, & Pickles, Andrew 2006. “Autism from 2 to 9 years of age.” Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (6): 694–701. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mainela-Arnold, Elina, Alibali, Martha. W., Hostetter, Autumn B., & Evans, Julia L. 2014. “Gesture – speech integration in children with specific language impairment.” International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 49 (6): 761–770. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mainela-Arnold, Elina, Alibali, Martha W., Ryan, Kristin, & Evans, Julia L. 2011. “Knowledge of mathematical equivalence in children with specific language impairment: Insights from gesture and speech.” Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 42 (1): 18–30. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mastrogiuseppe, Marilina, Capirci, Olga, Cuva, Simone, & Venuti, Paola 2015. “Gestural communication in children with autism spectrum disorders during mother – child interaction.” Autism 19 (4): 469–481. 1362361314528390. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Masur, Elise Frank 1982. “Mothers' responses to infants' object-related gestures: Influences on lexical development.” Journal of Child Language 9 (01): 23–30. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McNeil, Nicole M., Alibali, Martha W., & Evans, Julia. L. 2000. “The role of gesture in children's comprehension of spoken language: Now they need it, now they don't.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 24 (2): 131–150. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Medeiros, Kristen, & 2014. “Parent – child gesture use during problem solving in autistic spectrum disorder.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44 (8): 1946–1958. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meltzoff, Andrew N. 1988. “Infant imitation after a 1-week delay: long-term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli.” Developmental Psychology 24 (4): 470–476. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meltzoff, Andrew N., & Moore, M. Keith 1977. “Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates.” Science 198 (4312): 75–78. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mitchell, Shelley, Brian, Jessica, Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Roberts, Wendy, Szatmari, Peter, Smith, Isabel, & Bryson, Susan 2006. “Early language and communication development of infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.” Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 27: S69–S78. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Morford, Marolyn, & Goldin-Meadow, Susan 1992. “Comprehension and production of gesture in combination with speech in one-word speakers.” Journal of Child Language 19 (03): 559–580. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mullen, Eileen M. 1995. Mullen Scales of Early Learning (AGS ed). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mundy, Peter, Delgado, Christine, Block, Jessica, Venezia, Meg, Hogan, Anne, and Seibert, Jeffrey 2003. Early Social Communication Scales (ESCS). Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mundy, Peter, Sigman, Marian, & Kasari, Connie 1990. “A longitudinal study of joint attention and language development in autistic children.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 20 (1): 115–128. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Namy, Laura L., Acredolo, Linda, & Goodwyn, Susan 2000. “Verbal labels and gestural routines in parental communication with young children.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 24 (2): 63–79. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Oono, Inalegwu P., Honey, Emma. J., & McConachie, Helen 2013. “Early intervention delivered by parents for young children with autism spectrum disorders.” Health.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Özçalışkan, Şeyda, & Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2005. “Do parents lead their children by the hand?” Journal of Child Language 32: 481–505. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ozonoff, Sally, Young, Gregory S., Carter, Alice, Messinger, Daniel, Yirmiya, Nurit, Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, … & Stone, Wendy L. 2011. “Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: a Baby Siblings Research Consortium study.” Pediatrics 128 (3): e488–e495.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Parladé, Meaghan V., & Iverson, Jana M. 2015. “The development of coordinated communication in infants at heightened risk for autism spectrum disorder.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders: 1–17.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rowe, Meredith, & Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2009a. “Early gesture selectively predicts later language learning.” Developmental Science 12: 182–187. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rowe, Meredith L., & Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2009b. “Differences in early gesture explain SES disparities in child vocabulary size at school entry.” Science 323: 951–953. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rozga, Agata, Hutman, Ted, Young, Gregory S., Rogers, Sally J., Ozonoff, Sally, Dapretto, Mirella, & Sigman, Marian 2011. “Behavioral profiles of affected and unaffected siblings of children with autism: Contributions of measures of mother-infant interaction and nonverbal communication.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 41: 287–301. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sameroff, Arnold 2009. The Transactional Model. American Psychological Association. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sauer, Eve, Levine, Susan C., & Goldin-Meadow, Susan 2010. “Early gesture predicts language delay in children with pre-or perinatal brain lesions.” Child Development 81 (2): 528–539. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Singer Harris, Naomi G., Bellugi, Ursula, Bates, Elizabeth, Jones, Wendy, & Rossen, Michael 1997. “Contrasting profiles of language development in children with Williams and Down syndromes.” Developmental Neuropsychology 13 (3): 345–370. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
So, Wing Chee, Wong, Miranda K. Y., Lui, Ming, & Yip, Virginia 2014. “The development of co-speech gesture and its semantic integration with speech in 6-to 12-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders.” Autism, 1362361314556783.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sowden, Hannah, Clegg, Judy, & Perkins, Michael 2013. “The development of co-speech gesture in the communication of children with autism spectrum disorders.” Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 27 (12): 922–939. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stefanini, Silvia, Caselli, Maria Cristina, & Volterra, Virginia 2007. “Spoken and gestural production in a naming task by young children with Down syndrome.” Brain and Language 101 (3): 208–221. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stone, Wendy L., Ousley, Opal Y., Yoder, Paul J., Hogan, Kerry L., & Hepburn, Susan L. 1997. “Nonverbal communication in two-and three-year-old children with autism.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 27 (6): 677–696. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Talbott, Meagan R., Nelson, Charles A., & Tager-Flusberg, Helen 2015. “Maternal gesture use and language development in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45 (1): 4–14. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thal, Donna 2005. “Early detection of risk for language impairment: What are the best strategies?” Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Speech, Language, and Hearing Association, San Diego, CA.
Thal, Donna, Tobias, Stacy, & Morrison, Deborah 1991. “Language and gesture in late talkers A 1-year follow-up.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34: 604–612. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tomasello, Michael 1988. “The role of joint attentional processes in early language development.” Language Sciences 10 (1): 69–88. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vygotsky, Lev S. 1986. Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Warren, Steven F., Bredin-Oja, Shelley L., Fairchild, Martha, Finestack, Lizbeth H., Fey, Marc E., & Brady, Nancy C. 2006. “Responsivity education/prelinguistic milieu teaching.” In Treatment of Language Disorders in Children, R. J. McCauley & M. Fey (eds), 47–75. Baltimore: Brookes.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Watson, Linda R., Crais, Elizabeth R., Baranek, Grace T., Dykstra, Jessica R., & Wilson, Kaitlyn P. 2013. “Communicative gesture use in infants with and without autism: A retrospective home video study.” American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 22 (1): 25–39. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Weismer, Susan Ellis, & Hesketh, Linda J. 1993. “The influence of prosodic and gestural cues on novel word acquisition by children with specific language impairment.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36 (5): 1013–1025. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wetherby, Amy M., Woods, Juliann, Allen, Lori, Cleary, Julie, Dickinson, Holly, & Lord, Catherine 2004. “Early indicators of autism spectrum disorders in the second year of life.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 (5): 473–493. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Winder, Breanna M., Wozniak, Robert H., Parladé, Meaghan V., & Iverson, Jana M. 2013. “Spontaneous initiation of communication in infants at low and heightened risk for autism spectrum disorders.” Developmental Psychology 49 (10): 1931. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yoder, Paul, & Stone, Wendy L. 2006. “Randomized comparison of two communication interventions for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (3): 426. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yoder, Paul J., & Warren, Steven F. 1998. “Maternal responsivity predicts the prelinguistic communication intervention that facilitates generalized intentional communication.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41 (5): 1207–1219. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2002. “Effects of prelinguistic milieu teaching and parent responsivity education on dyads involving children with intellectual disabilities.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45 (6): 1158–1174. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Bryson, Susan, Rogers, Tracey, Roberts, Wendy, Brian, Jessica, & Szatmari, Peter 2005. “Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life.” International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 23 (2): 143–152. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (8)

Cited by eight other publications

Mattie, Laura J. & Daniela Fanta
2023. Joint engagement and early language abilities in young children with Down syndrome. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Morelli, Mara, Roberto Baiocco, Elena Cattelino & Emiddia Longobardi
2023. Mothers’ and fathers’ bimodal communication in dyadic and triadic interaction with their infants. First Language 43:2 ► pp. 158 ff. DOI logo
Choi, Boin, Lauren Castelbaum, Riley McKechnie, Meredith L. Rowe, Charles A. Nelson & Helen Tager-Flusberg
2022. Brief Report: Parents’ Declarative Use of Deictic Gestures Predict Vocabulary Development in Infants at High and Low Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 52:2 ► pp. 914 ff. DOI logo
Choi, Boin, Priyanka Shah, Meredith L. Rowe, Charles A. Nelson & Helen Tager-Flusberg
2021. A Longitudinal Study of Parent Gestures, Infant Responsiveness, and Vocabulary Development in Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 51:11 ► pp. 3946 ff. DOI logo
West, Kelsey L., Emily J. Roemer, Jessie B. Northrup & Jana M. Iverson
2020. Profiles of Early Actions and Gestures in Infants With an Older Sibling With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63:4 ► pp. 1195 ff. DOI logo
Özer, Demet & Tilbe Göksun
2020. Gesture Use and Processing: A Review on Individual Differences in Cognitive Resources. Frontiers in Psychology 11 DOI logo
Manwaring, Stacy S, Lauren Swineford, Danielle L Mead, Chih-Ching Yeh, Yue Zhang & Audrey Thurm
2019. The gesture–language association over time in toddlers with and without language delays. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 4 DOI logo
Iverson, Jana M., Jessie B. Northrup, Nina B. Leezenbaum, Meaghan V. Parladé, Erin A. Koterba & Kelsey L. West
2018. Early Gesture and Vocabulary Development in Infant Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 48:1 ► pp. 55 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 9 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue