In:How Metaphors Guide, Teach and Popularize Science
Edited by Anke Beger and Thomas H. Smith
[Figurative Thought and Language 6] 2020
► pp. 319–332
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Published online: 22 April 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/ftl.6.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/ftl.6.index
A
- abduction 61–62, 68–69
- abstractions19, 74, 77, 187, 216, 300–302; see also concepts, abstractmetaphor, abstract
- accuracy, scientific21, 63, 98, 288, 290, 310, 314
- activation17, 26, 203, 250
- adaptive dynamical systems theory240, 245see also dynamical systems
- Alberts, B.45, 66, 67, 69
- aligning source and target features10, 15, 19, 23, 308–310
- alignment of qualitative and quantitative reasoning 90–91, 93, 100
- allegory 120–121, 128–130, 311
- ambiguity129, 145–146, 163, 246–247
- Ameisen, J. C. 144–146, 156–157, 163, 169
- Amin, T.29, 73–74, 79–80, 85, 87, 88, 91, 94, 96, 99, 102, 104–110, 299, 302–303, 315
- amusing30, 190–191; , 195, 203–204; see also entertainment
- analogies8, 11–12, 14, 21, 23, 25, 28, 33, 36, 74, 103–105, 107–110, 135, 263, 266–267, 269–271, 280, 282–284, 287, 291–293, 298, 312
- analogy source domains12, 14, 20, 105, 284, 290–291, 302
- analogy, instructional21, 103–105, 107, 167, 266, 272, 279–292
- analysis, comparative84, 89, 93–94, 101, 107, 114, 122, 142, 167–168, 266, 268
- analytical tools76, 106, 228
- animal behaviour 187–188; , 190–191; , 193–194; , 199, 203, 309see also zoosemiotics
- animal cognition 191–192, 203
- anthropomorphism146, 316
- apoptosis.see also cell death
- metaphorical expressions for142, 151–152
- process of141, 143, 148–149, 153–158, 165–166, 168
- aptness289, 308, 313
- argument, academic194, 199, 264, 267, 271, 278, 280, 283–285, 291, 299, 311–313
- argument, propaganda11, 43, 244,251, 256, 276, 280–282, 284, 310, 312–314, 316
- Aristotle14, 46
- arithmetic operations220, 222
- articles
- popularised67, 148–149, 151, 155–156
- scientific10, 116, 141, 168, 183, 263–264, 285
- artificial intelligence 263–265, 271, 276, 291, 293
- artistic domains15, 18
- assets, field theory 234–235
- astronomy240, 252, 255
- atoms12, 49, 75, 79, 83, 213, 251, 301–302, 304
- attack151, 152, 157, 163–164; , 190, 199see also metaphor, war
- attention7, 21–22, 24–27, 66–67, 83, 144, 154–156, 192–193, 198–199, 234, 245–246, 251–252, 268–269, 290, 298–299
- audience misunderstandings19, 315–316; see also epistemological confusion
- audience, non-specialist 10–11, 20, 26, 30–31, 177, 191, 194, 201, 203, 305
- auditory metaphor28, 30, 175, 196–197, 199–202, 204, 309–310, 315
- autoinducer55, 60, 63see also signalling
- autophagy 159–160, 163, 165–167
B
- background knowledge
15–17, 18, 24, 66, 222, 235, 299, 306, 308,
311–312
- source domain14, 17, 19, 24, 196, 277, 308
- background metaphor20, 116, 118, 121–122, 215, 307
- backgrounding253see also foregrounding
- Bacon, Francis46, 113, 127–130, 133–134, 311
- Baconian journey allegory127, 129
- bacterial
- cells53, 55, 58–59
- colonies51, 58–59, 61
- luminescence 54–56, 63
- bacteriology 54–55, 58–59, 65
- balance19, 142–143, 161, 211, 168, 211, 214, 244, 257, 301
- ball rolling 247–250, 256
- Bassler, B. L.53, 56, 60, 69
- Beger, A. 1–2, 4, 6–8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20–22, 24–28, 30–32, 263–264, 268–270, 292–294, 297–298, 312–314
- bilingual 141–142, 149
- billiard balls214, 301, 303see also mechanics, forcemotion, mechanical
- biological
- explanation17, 45–46, 50, 158, 181, 186, 203, 306
- processes15, 17, 28, 30, 45, 142, 153, 175–176, 185, 194, 199
- systems28, 41, 44–45, 47, 49, 51–52, 55–56, 58–60, 68, 75
- biologists 49–50, 66, 178, 187–188, 190, 192–193, 196, 201, 203, 306
- biology
- cellular10, 41, 49, 52–53, 57, 68, 128, 185, 195, 252
- discourse191, 193, 195, 199, 201–203
- biosciences12, 15, 28–29, 41, 44, 47–51, 60–61, 111, 117–118, 120, 175–178, 180–181, 189–190, 194, 305–308
- black people221, 225–226, 230–231, 304
- blending6, 29, 73, 76, 78–79; , 83, 94, 99–100; , 106, 308see also conceptual integration
- blending theory29, 78, 83
- blends16, 20, 23, 78, 83, 286, 300,
309–310, 313
- ontological60, 83, 100, 106
- Blumenberg, H.31, 115–117, 130, 134, 136–137, 140, 257
- Bock von Wülfingen, B.29, 118, 310, 315
- body, human16, 54, 58, 103, 178, 184, 187–188, 202
- bond, physical, chemical, atomic75, 83
- boundaries42, 44, 52, 236
- Bowdle, B. & Gentner, D.6, 212
- Boyd, R.147, 169, 176, 204, 214, 258, 264, 293
- brain processes147, 264, 278, 284, 287, 291
- brain structures191, 203see also metaphor, processing
- brain’s mind 271–272, 275–278, 280, 283–284, 286–287, 290–292, 312–313
- branches 178–179, 181–182, 187, 192
- Brandt, C.122, 130, 134
- Brookes, D. T.84, 98–99, 102, 108
- Brown, T. L.176, 213, 301, 305–307
- Burdett, A. N.50, 69
C
- calculations222, 224–225, 230
- Cameron, L.3, 4, 13, 19, 26, 32–33, 114–116, 134, 136, 158, 169, 176, 205, 218, 258, 306, 317
- camouflage58, 189, 193
- cancer30, 36, 58, 141, 142, 149, 165–166, 308
- cancer cells143, 147, 150–151, 153–159, 161–164
- capacities, human17, 42, 54, 57–58, 61, 75, 145, 157, 180
- Career of Metaphor6, 9–10, 16, 23, 25, 65, 71, 260, 264, 266, 268
- catachresis65, 144
- categorization6, 13, 23
- causation46,
48–51,
157–159, 161, 168, 224, 227,
233–234, 237, 239, 245,
297–298,
300–301, 305, 307
- downward 48–49, 245, 248
- cell death, metaphorical expressions 141–148, 150–154, 156–158, 160–164, 166–170, 307, 309
- cell division143, 160, 305
- cell environment52, 163, 166, 305
- cells
- body’s50, 52, 54, 141–143, 146, 148, 151, 153–159, 161, 163–164, 166, 168, 171, 289
- tumorous59, 157, 159, 161–162, 164, 166, 309
- cellular biology45, 47, 52–53, 59, 143, 166
- ceteris paribus 227
- chains20, 100, 154, 166, 299, 301, 303, 305
- change processes62, 76, 224, 253, 302
- chaos76, 242, 244, 256
- chaperon protein.See proteins
- Charteris-Black, J.20, 26–27, 32, 130, 135, 218, 258
- cheating 56–57, 59, 68
- chemical reactions52, 59, 75, 151, 163, 199, 271
- chemistry12, 41, 44, 47–48, 50–51, 62, 85, 88, 176, 305–306
- children96, 99, 122, 125, 131
- Chinese Room Thought Experiment265, 271, 273–277, 280–282, 291
- choice
23–24, 31,
66–67,
104–105, 125, 141, 197, 253,
257–258, 285, 293
- human168, 245, 306, 311
- rational231, 246
- citizens132, 221, 231
- cladogram182
- Class-Inclusion Theory6
- clock145, 163
- cloning29, 113, 118, 123, 125, 130
- closure 246–247, 255–256
- clusters of metaphors.See metaphor, combinations
- CMT (Conceptual Metaphor Theory)1,
4–8, 12,
22–25, 28,
41–43,
47–48, 50, 61, 64, 68, 70,
77–78, 268
- central tenets of 4–5, 7–8, 19, 43, 57–58, 64–65
- and Blending Theory29
- codes17, 121–122; , 191, 204, 222–223; , 225, 237, 282, 304see also metaphor, genetic codemetaphor in genetics, text
- cognition6, 8, 12, 69, 115, 190–192, 265, 271–272, 276–278
- cognitive inference process 10–11, 14, 18, 21, 44, 48, 101, 147, 215, 223
- cognitive linguistics literature4, 76, 96, 119, 175, 185, 190–192
- cognitive psychology14, 28, 55–56, 63, 88–89, 95, 102, 188, 191–192, 194, 203
- colonies58, 116, 123, 127, 306
- colours178, 184–185, 187, 192, 201
- communication
- biological45, 53, 59, 61, 68, 126
- dimension of9, 22–23, 157, 267–268
- expert3, 42, 116, 176, 187, 201
- metaphoric22, 25–28
- non-expert26, 113, 118, 187–188, 201, 204, 212, 216, 218, 229, 303
- communicative situations22, 114, 177, 187, 204
- communicators297, 309, 315–316
- community9, 13, 27, 60, 302
- comparison, analogical11, 14, 94, 212, 256, 268, 271, 282, 315see also cross-domain comparison
- complex chains85, 88, 92, 101, 155, 167, 273
- complexity41, 43, 45, 48, 50–51, 246–247, 250, 252, 282, 288, 292
- complexity theory41, 48, 50–51
- composite source domains 91–93; see also complex metaphoric framesmetaphor, combinations
- comprehension15, 20, 27, 158, 219, 252, 254
- computationalism222, 251, 286, 289, 304
- computer program13, 265, 271–272, 274–278, 280, 283–287, 290–292, 312–313
- computer simulations 250–251, 256, 272, 302
- conceptions49,
96–99, 106, 120, 123, 125, 128, 191, 215, 223, 305
- alternative93, 96–97, 100, 107
- concepts, abstract30, 74, 77, 81, 178, 180–181, 185, 187, 189, 195
- conceptual
- blending analysis6, 83, 99–100
- domains4, 41, 43, 57, 60–61, 64–66, 77–78, 83, 222, 228, 246
- integration78, 308–309; see also blending
- mappings5, 12, 64, 85, 93, 101, 103, 106, 187see also mappings, target-sourcemetaphoric mappings
- processes 12–13, 15–16, 21, 23, 30, 61, 63, 65, 67, 302, 310
- structure5, 7–8, 10, 12, 15–16, 21, 24, 52, 65, 226, 298
- Conceptual Metaphor Theory.See CMT
- conceptualizations8, 12, 74, 81, 83–85, 89, 95–96, 99–100, 102–104, 106, 216, 292–293, 302–303
- concordances13
- conflation/co-occurrence13, 179, 184, 188, 195, 198
- conflict, social 218–219, 231, 234, 237, 249, 251, 256, 309
- connotations120, 143–144, 159, 168
- consciousness24, 50, 127
- consistency 65–66, 105, 130, 144
- construals 79–80, 82–87, 89–90, 93, 96–102, 105, 107, 175, 218, 228
- constructions16, 73, 78, 99, 202
- contexts 17–19, 22, 65, 74, 83–85, 87–89, 93–94, 98–102, 113–114, 116, 118–121, 149–150, 155–157, 269, 308–311
- context, source domain15, 17–18
- context specific analysis 21–22, 24–25, 93–94, 96, 98, 103, 130, 132, 149, 199, 201–202, 204, 270, 311, 313
- conventionality, degrees of6, 8–9; , 11, 13, 16, 21, 23, 181, 221see also metaphor, conventional
- cooperation 56–57, 59, 68, 124, 139, 244, 306
- corpora30, 211, 218–219, 308
- corpus analysis8, 29–30, 118–121, 124–125, 141–142, 149, 167, 175–177, 218–219, 228–229, 242–243, 267–269, 298
- correspondences2, 4–5, 12, 14, 19, 23, 78, 82–83, 96–97, 276, 280–281, 304, 309
- cost vs. benefit59, 230, 253
- crab species 192–193
- creative examples73, 162, 164, 193, 212, 303, 316
- creatures51, 54, 162, 309
- criminology28, 219, 221, 236, 238–239, 252
- cross-domain comparison6, 8–13, 15–16, 18–19, 25, 79, 81, 104–107, 189–190, 192, 220, 276, 278, 280, 300–301
- cross domain mapping6, 11, 27, 65–66, 114, 182, 194, 198, 268
- CTM (computational theory of mind)263
- cueing, simultaneous198
- cultural experience49, 117, 156, 234–235, 298, 311, 315
- culture17, 45, 50, 55, 114, 130, 156, 232, 311
D
- Darwin, C.3, 32, 46–47, 50, 69, 205
- data, quantitative42, 150, 152, 221–222, 225–227, 229
- dataset analysis62, 219–220, 222, 224, 229, 250, 253–255, 257, 304
- death125, 142–148, 150–152, 154–156, 159, 161–163, 166–168, 221, 300, 308–310
- defenses58, 64, 151–154, 163–164, 189, 199
- Deignan, A.7, 13, 32, 36, 270, 282, 293, 294
- deliberate metaphors 24–26; , 31, 67, 119, 125, 263, 266–269; , 270, 283–285; , 287, 290, 291, 293, 312see also metaphor, deliberate
- deliberation, speaker’s 24–26
- Dennett, D. C.50, 263, 265–270; , 280–285; , 288–289; , 291–292; , 294–295; see also Hofstadter, D. R. & Dennett, D. C.
- dictionaries56, 116, 118, 149, 215, 229
- directionality 15–16, 43, 50, 104, 185, 191, 234–236, 239, 243, 249, 251, 254–255
- discourse
- actual7, 24, 42, 64, 267
- general 26–27, 42, 106, 118, 132, 266, 268, 270, 302, 315
- pedagogical76, 85, 88, 93, 268
- specialist 2–3, 13, 31, 116, 121, 268–270, 298
- discourse analysis8, 23, 116, 119, 194, 266, 269–270
- discourse contexts21, 267, 269–270
- discourse events 7–8, 26, 266–270, 284–285, 313
- discovery, scientific9, 53, 123, 127–128, 155, 165, 193, 308, 311
- diseases27, 54, 59, 124–125, 131, 143, 156
- disorder 86–87, 104–105, 232
- DNA121, 130, 160, 163, 165–166, 183, 310–311
- documentaries30, 176, 192–193, 195–197, 199–202, 204
- domains
- concrete source16, 20, 94, 100, 211, 252, 255, 301–302, 304, 310, 312
- conventional source 4–5; , 10, 12, 16–17; , 21, 24–25; , 102, 105, 114, 305–306; , 308–309; see also metaphor, conventional
- scientific74, 85, 244, 312
- socio-cultural 15–17, 41, 55, 68, 310
- source and target13, 79, 81, 104–107, 198
- Dreyfus, B. W.83, 108
- dynamical systems26, 211, 219, 239–246, 249–252, 255–256
- dynamic image178, 187, 193–194
E
- ecological fallacy 225–226
- ecology27, 190, 204, 244
- economics16, 48, 62, 230, 234–235, 242
- education3, 18, 31, 63, 66, 93, 113–114, 235, 288, 293
- efficacy, communicative22, 24, 195, 204, 269
- elaborations52, 80, 85–86, 168, 281, 292
- electricity metaphorically understood as a fluid 4–6, 233
- electrons67, 76, 81, 184, 213–218, 251, 301
- elements, aligning source domain15, 203, 240, 307see also aligning source and target features
- El Mundo141, 149, 152–153, 158, 161, 167, 172
- El País149, 152–153, 159–160, 164–166, 171
- elucidate13, 16, 26, 148, 153, 155, 158, 167–168, 218
- embodied simulation17, 20, 256
- embodiment 15–16; , 41, 67, 74, 184, 188, 190, 215, 301–302; , 304–305; , 312, 315–316; see also experience, bodily
- embryo, selected121, 125, 310
- emergence7, 41, 45,
47–48,
60–61, 68, 83, 241, 245, 247, 255
- supervenience41, 61
- theory 47–48
- emotions22, 42–43, 198, 202, 243–246, 308, 313
- empirical results26, 88, 167, 175, 183, 186
- encounters, conflictual201, 219–220, 225, 230, 234
- enemies58, 189–190
- energetic state 80–81, 86, 90, 97, 105, 303
- energy (forms of) as containers.See metaphor, container
- energy
- amount of82
- conservation of75, 81–82, 84, 86, 93, 103
- construals of29, 74, 76, 79–80, 83, 93, 96–97, 100–101, 103, 114
- nature of51, 56, 79–81, 83–84, 87, 97, 215–216, 299, 305
- as location 75–76, 79, 81–84, 86, 90, 98, 102–103, 303
- states 75–76, 80–83, 87, 90, 95, 103–104, 303
- English subcorpus 149–153, 155, 161, 167–168, 170
- entertainment30, 191, 195, 197, 203–204, 314
- entrenchment, degree of27, 177, 181, 201, 242
- entropy change87, 89–90, 92, 95–96, 104
- environments 52–55, 59–60, 96, 102–103, 167, 187, 198, 234, 269, 301
- enzymes146, 153–154, 160, 166
- epistemological confusion19, 21, 106–107, 116–117, 132, 146, 250, 263, 286–288, 292, 299, 302–303, 306–310, 312–313, 315–316
- equations19, 79, 215, 250, 277, 304
- equilibrium85, 91, 240, 244–249, 255–256
- errors98, 100, 106, 165, 250see also epistemological confusion
- Etkina, E. 98–99, 108
- eugenics conceptualization 178–181, 203
- evaluations29, 124, 224, 315
- Evans, V.101, 108, 185, 205
- everyday language42, 44, 65, 77, 80, 96–97, 99–100, 107, 114, 116–118, 228, 232, 238
- evidence of metaphor5, 7, 11–14, 63, 93–96, 98, 163–164, 178, 187–188, 194–195, 199, 203–204, 229–231, 237, 271–272
- evolution3, 15, 33, 46–47, 49–50, 53, 68–70, 123–124, 128–130, 180–181
- experience
- bodily 15–16, 19, 184, 187, 214, 222, 256, 300, 305, 311–312
- sensorimotor 16–17, 42–43, 176, 178–181, 184, 187, 194, 198, 220, 223, 225, 310, 312
- experiential gestalts 15–16, 19, 42–45, 51, 60–61, 63, 65, 68, 305–306, 312, 315
- experimental studies 5–7, 14, 52, 57, 122, 130, 251, 256, 293, 302, 307
- experimentation10, 42, 46, 53, 191, 204, 216, 246
- experiments 5–6, 29, 62, 65, 68, 86, 246, 250, 256, 293, 301–302
- expert authors101, 113–114, 118, 188
- expertise, acquisition of74, 88, 93–95, 100–101
- experts113, 116–119, 142, 144–145, 147, 165, 167, 191, 193, 196–197, 291, 293, 297
- explanations, scientific23, 41–42, 61–64, 69, 257, 289, 297, 299, 312–313
- explanatory models and metaphors29, 53, 56, 66–68, 99, 193, 217, 300–301
- exposure to metaphoric discourse27, 98–99, 101, 106–107, 141
F
- Fauconnier & Turner6, 20, 29, 33, 37, 78, 83, 108, 110, 308, 317–318
- feedback loops246, 250–251, 256
- Feynman’s metaphorical construal of energy 79–80, 108
- fiction117, 119, 129, 132see also epistemological confusion
- field theory219, 232–233, 235–240, 244, 250, 254–256, 301
- figurative
- description21, 183, 193, 201, 212
- thought 175–176
- films198, 201see also video clips
- fitness landscape50, 67
- forces125, 161, 164, 220–221; , 224–225; , 227–228; , 230–237; , 240, 242, 244–245; , 249–250; , 254–255; , 301–302; see also mechanics, forcemotion, mechanical
- Forceville, C.20, 37, 175, 177, 195, 198–199, 204–205, 207, 309, 317
- foregrounding23, 181, 253
- frames, metaphoric16, 27, 147, 223, 225, 306, 310–312
- Fryer, R. G. 227–229, 231, 258, 261
- function
- cognitive12, 101, 192, 206, 254, 272, 275
- communications1, 23–25, 41, 64, 81, 312, 315–316
- discourse 7–8, 21–22, 28, 30
- language8, 23
- pedagogical117, 121, 303
- perspective-changing24, 115, 119, 154, 168, 282, 284–285, 292
- textual115, 129
G
- generative qualities27, 256, 305, 308, 316see also hypotheses, generating
- genetic
- code metaphor.See metaphor, genetic code
- technologies29, 48,
117–118,
123–127
- reproductive29, 113–114, 118–121, 123–125, 129, 131–132, 139, 310–311
- genres13, 24, 29–30, 145, 150, 156, 161, 164, 167, 266, 269–270
- Gentner, D.6, 9, 13–15, 19, 32–33, 73, 108–109, 116, 135, 258, 261, 315, 317
- gestalts 15–16; , 181, 305, 312, 315see also experiential gestalts
- gestures19, 79, 83, 175–176
- Gibbs, R. W. 4–5, 14, 21–22, 26, 32–34, 36–37, 64, 67, 70, 74, 136, 205–206, 294–295
- Gibbs, R. W. & Colston, H. L.11, 14, 176
- Giles, T. D.3, 10, 33, 116, 135, 213, 217, 259
- Giora, R.13, 15, 18, 33
- Goatly, A.115, 117, 119, 132, 135, 213, 259
- Grady, J. E.20, 34, 37, 178–180, 184, 189, 199, 205, 215, 259
- grammar98, 122, 138see also metaphor, genetic codemetaphor in genetics, text
- gravity233, 248, 249, 250, 302see also metaphor, force
- grounded metaphor.See metaphor, grounded
- group averages225, 237, 306
- groupings of metaphors307see also metaphor, combinations
- groups, human social 225–227, 229, 246, 252, 306
- guide scientific exploration10, 13, 102, 105–106; , 211–212; , 214, 218–219; , 222, 224, 251, 254–255; , 257, 305, 307see also hypotheses, generating
H
- Haglund, J.74, 85, 94, 99, 107–109
- Halliday, M. A. K.115, 132, 135
- Hallyn, F.2, 34–35, 74, 109, 214, 259
- Hamer, D. 125–126, 133, 138–139
- harvestman197, 199–202
- Hastings, J. W. 54–55, 71
- heat and entropy74, 76, 79, 83, 93, 100–102, 106–107
- hedges21, 158, 192, 228
- helper metaphors216, 228, 238, 243, 247–248, 250–251, 253, 256–257
- Herrmann, B. J.32, 34, 36–37, 114–115, 117, 135, 260, 267, 295, 318
- high-low metaphors242see also scale, verticle
- high-pitched sound 197–199
- high quality newspaper 29–30
- Hofstadter, D. R. & Dennett, D. C.263, 265–270, 280–285, 288–289, 291–292, 294–295
- Holyoak, K. J. & Stamenković, D.4, 14, 18
- human biotechnology54, 58, 113, 120, 131–132
- hypotheses
63–64,
67–68,
176–177,
190–192, 194, 211, 214, 216, 218, 237, 239, 301, 306
- generating9, 11, 23, 28–30, 42, 60–61, 63, 65, 68, 306, 316
- hypothesis formation42, 253, 301
I
- ideational115, 119, 214, 311see also cognition
- idiosyncratic177, 193, 199, 201, 204, 231, 313see also metaphor, novel
- imagery 122–123, 193, 203–204
- images, useful103, 105, 141, 144, 147, 150–152, 154, 161–162, 164, 166–168, 178, 187, 192–198, 202, 204–205
- image schema16, 44, 77, 81–82, 89, 94, 100, 102–103, 176, 191, 234
- implicit metaphors74, 99see also metaphor, conventional
- indirect metaphors21, 25, 27
- inference structure20, 23, 73–74, 77, 80, 177, 181, 189–190, 203, 214, 303, 306
- inference to the best explanation41, 63
- inferences5, 23, 56,
62–63, 82, 105, 211, 220, 306,
315–316
- abductive41, 61–63, 68–69
- inductive 62–63, 165
- inhibitory control14see also metaphor, processing
- input output83, 90, 272, 277–279; , 289, 313see also conceptions, mechanicalmotion, mechanicalmechanics, force
- instantiations43, 67, 278–279, 286
- instruction 73–74, 76, 100, 102–103, 105, 107, 128
- instructional materials23, 100–103, 106, 158, 197, 201, 257, 303, 315
- integration247, 308, 310see also blending, conceptual integration
- intentions120, 244, 313see also metaphor, deliberate
- interestSee target domain elements
- interpretations, alternative metaphoric61, 78–79, 99, 105–107, 129, 131, 201–202, 223–224, 228, 231, 310, 312, 314
J
- Jäkel, O.7, 31, 34, 115, 129–130, 136
- jellyfish9, 54
- Jeppsson, F.74, 85, 88, 91–92, 94–95, 99, 102, 107–109
- Johnson, M. 3–5, 7, 9, 34–35, 42–44, 64, 70, 77, 109, 114–115, 136, 180, 205, 258–259, 264
- journalists2, 28, 117, 119, 154–155, 165, 167–168, 217, 221, 231, 257
- journeySee metaphor, journey
K
- Katzorke, T.125, 133, 137, 139
- Kerr, J. F. R.143, 169
- kinaesthetics188
- knowledge, scientific28, 177, 183, 202, 298, 314–315
- knowledge communication264, 267
- knowledge domains3, 18, 21, 23, 29, 61, 63, 185, 191, 194, 226
- Knudsen, S. 9–10, 15, 34, 199, 212, 214–215, 217, 259, 264, 294, 298, 307, 316–317
- Koller, V.20, 34, 36, 115, 120, 136, 140, 189, 205
- Köveces, Z.16, 18–19, 34, 41–42, 71, 77, 220, 223, 259, 305–306, 308, 313, 317
- Kroemer, G.144, 148, 151, 169
L
- Lakoff, G. 4–5, 35, 42–44, 70, 77, 109, 115, 136, 178, 180, 205, 259–260, 264, 300–301, 317
- Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M.4, 12, 16, 20, 41–42, 46, 50, 115, 179, 181, 185, 188–189, 224
- Lakoff, G. & Turner, M.15, 20, 214
- language
- literal 21–22; , 166, 215, 302see also literal meaning, literal truth
- metaphorical 8–10, 18, 22, 32–33, 51–52, 77, 92, 97, 124, 144, 153
- ordinary5, 7–8, 12, 23, 96, 107, 116
- science42, 59, 61, 68, 74, 76, 98, 104, 107, 177see also scientific discourse
- layers14, 30, 59, 88, 236, 240, 254
- laypeople113, 175, 178, 191, 195, 200–201, 203–204, 213, 232
- learning and instruction 73–77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97–101, 103, 105–107
- lecture, academic83, 263–267, 269–271, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 285, 287–293, 298
- letters121, 128, 131, 138, 183see also metaphor, genetic codemetaphor in genetics, text
- levels
- macroscopic16, 85, 95, 240, 301, 306
- microscopic48, 68, 85, 87, 95–96, 214, 252
- life cycles47, 123, 138, 155, 185–186, 263
- light52, 54, 63, 67, 157, 162, 168, 197, 200–202, 215, 221
- light music197, 201
- pace197, 199, 201
- Linell, P.266, 268–270, 294
- lines/arrows184, 300
- linguistic
- evidence 6–7, 29, 44, 64, 78, 83, 190, 263, 267–268, 293, 307
- form7, 10–13, 76–77, 87, 89, 92, 116–117, 144–148, 150–151, 153–155, 158, 162–165, 196, 199
- metaphors 6–7, 151–152, 155, 197–199, 201, 267, 269–270, 298, 310
- links76, 93, 119, 122, 145, 199, 227
- listener 66–67, 78, 115, 132
- literal
- meaning6, 9–10, 20, 23, 96–97, 115, 212–213, 215, 218, 316
- truth263, 265, 276, 280, 284–285, 290–291, 313
- literary theme126, 130
- Littlemore, J. & Semino, E.7, 13
- living organisms44, 46–47, 52, 142, 150, 182, 193
- Lockshin, R. A., & Zakeri, Z. 143–145
- logic16, 22, 49, 62, 129, 220, 233, 283
- loop63, 250see also feedback loops
- loss of substance76, 86–87, 89, 143, 244
- love12, 19, 43–44; , 51, 77, 122, 180see also journey metaphor
- lysosomes146, 166
M
- machines16, 66–67; , 87, 90–92; , 124, 154, 280, 288, 312–313; see also conceptions, mechanicalmotion, mechanicalmechanics, force
- macro level17, 43, 48, 223,
240–243, 245, 248,
255–257, 302,
305–306,
311–312
- explanations85, 236, 239, 242, 245–246, 312
- outcomes45, 239, 241, 252, 255, 257
- Majno, G. & Joris, I. 145–146, 157
- manipulation119,
125–126, 193, 222, 224, 228, 253
- educative125, 129, 276
- physical 90–92, 125–126, 229
- statistical227, 230
- mappings, target-source3, 5–6, 12–13, 15, 78, 80–81, 100, 104–107, 194, 197, 201–202, 216, 274, 288–289, 292–293
- Maran, T.191, 204, 206
- Martin, J. L.206, 224, 233–235, 260–261
- mass66, 74, 82, 218, 233
- mathematics 75–76, 88–89, 130, 176, 184, 215, 223, 301, 304–305
- matrix59, 233, 240, 254, 269
- mechanics, force77, 81, 86, 184–185, 232–233, 235, 245, 249, 253, 300–301, 303
- mechanism50, 55, 58, 73, 143, 147,
153–155,
160–161, 163, 196, 233
- cognitive6, 23, 73, 191
- media 29–30, 113–114, 117–119, 132, 221, 226
- Melino, G.144, 146, 148, 151, 156, 170
- memory14, 20, 63, 115, 147, 190–191, 264
- mental spaces65, 78, 308
- messenger53, 55
- meta-metaphors61see also metaphor, overarching
- Metaphor Identification ProcedureSee MIP
- metaphor in genetics, text116, 129, 131see also metaphor, genetic code
- metaphor métier, scientific 212–215, 218–219, 227, 232, 250
- metaphor-savvy310, 315
- metaphor
- abstract 19–20, 50, 94, 105, 167, 178, 181, 189, 240, 297, 304
- across genres142, 144, 146, 148, 167, 215, 228
- activation26see also metaphor, deliberate
- algae185, 190, 192–195
- analysis3, 30–31, 96–97, 100, 102–103, 113, 115, 119, 267, 270
- archerfish 195–197, 199, 201, 204
- arrows 184–187, 196, 200
- assigning numbers221, 223–224, 253
- attractor 247–251, 256
- basin 248–249
- biology51, 175–177, 307, 310
- Book of Nature121, 130
- botany119, 121
- central212, 215, 217, 219, 251–252, 255, 280, 285, 291, 301, 304
- circle118, 147, 185–186
- colony48, 51, 55, 58–59, 117, 120, 123, 126–129, 131, 306
- combinations 15–16, 18–21, 23–24, 27, 74, 83, 85, 88–91, 93, 100–101, 105–107, 118, 120, 158, 168, 297–298, 301, 307, 309–311, 315–316
- complex31, 44, 265, 270, 292
- computer147, 265–267, 270, 273–274, 278, 280, 288–291, 312
- conceptualization 14–15, 22, 30, 45, 77, 83, 85, 176, 187, 194, 218
- container16, 20, 47, 52, 75, 77, 80–82, 87, 90–91, 97, 303, 305
- control188, 190, 194
- conventional6, 11–15, 18, 23, 44, 64–65, 113, 115–116, 121–122, 129–130, 199, 201–202, 238, 301, 310–311
- correlation48, 87, 179, 184, 188–189, 223, 227–228
- danger120, 122–123, 127, 131, 188, 307, 311
- dataset219, 221, 224, 226–229, 231–235, 237, 239, 251, 253–254, 304
- deliberate24, 31, 66–67, 119–120, 125, 216, 263, 266–270, 283–285, 287, 290–291, 293
- direct13, 20, 25, 269
- dramaturgical 197–198, 201–202, 238
- effectiveness24, 42, 61, 64, 99, 162, 175, 183, 201, 268, 315
- energy, substance82, 103–104
- Event Structure Metaphor77, 83, 85–87, 104–105, 300–301, 303
- explanatory41, 68, 300
- extensions42, 216, 227–228, 291, 316
- factory45, 52, 64, 66–67, 69
- field233, 237, 240, 255, 301
- field theory231, 233–234, 236–237, 239, 251, 255
- fluid5
- force233, 248–250, 302
- fruit50, 121, 129, 137, 310–311
- game16, 123, 238
- genetic code 9–10; , 45, 98, 121–122; , 128, 131, 143, 158, 163, 183see also metaphor in genetics, text.
- grounded81, 184, 187, 193, 204, 223, 297, 302, 316
- heat, substance 93–94, 98–100, 102, 105
- high-lowSee scale, verticle
- homeostasis 142–143, 244
- incorrect107, 292see also epistemological confusion
- journey 15–16, 31, 41, 44, 85–86, 92, 120–121, 123–124, 126–130, 132, 180, 250–251, 290
- landscape 248–249
- levels246, 255
- lexical, verbal242, 149–150; , 193, 197, 199, 201–202; , 204, 211, 216, 219–220; 244see also linguistic metaphors
- Location Event Structure metaphor80, 83, 85, 87, 105
- mechanistic144, 148, 153, 155, 158, 168, 233, 235, 301, 303, 306
- monomodal 177–178, 197
- multi-modal30, 175–179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189–191, 193–195, 197, 199–205, 309–310
- nature43, 45–47, 49–50, 120, 122–124, 126–131, 175, 178, 184, 186, 200, 202, 270–271, 291–292, 308–309
- necessary116, 120–121, 311
- non-resemblance175, 177, 187, 189, 201, 203–204
- nonlinguistic176, 300
- novel6, 8–12, 14–15, 20, 23, 73, 193, 196–197, 199, 201, 267–269, 272, 277, 280, 291–292
- Object Event Structure metaphor77, 80, 85–86, 103
- orbits 214–217, 244, 251, 301
- orientational48, 300
- overarching20, 27–28, 44, 60–61, 68, 185, 199
- pedagogical52, 67, 76, 102, 106, 187, 191, 194–195, 201–202, 306, 309
- pioneer123, 138
- primary7, 20, 63, 67–68, 179–180, 184, 187–190, 194, 198–199, 204, 215
- processing 6–7, 14, 17–18, 20, 23, 26, 191, 203
- propaganda24, 178, 297, 308, 310–311, 314, 316
- rational choice230, 253
- recontextualization21, 167, 240, 266–270, 280–293, 312
- research2, 7, 13, 15–16, 23, 177, 183, 218, 297
- reuse 265–267, 269–270, 313
- scholars2, 4–5, 15–16, 20, 22, 27, 176, 297, 304, 307, 314–316
- scientific 18–20, 22, 28–29, 50, 75, 82, 93, 96, 64–65, 68, 211–213, 216, 219, 298–299, 303, 305, 309–310, 312–313, 315
- single10, 14, 61, 74, 282
- social 15–16, 18, 28–29, 41–45, 51, 53, 55–57, 59–61, 67–69, 115, 219–220, 233–238, 25455, 301–302, 305–309, 315–316
- solar system 214–215, 217, 301
- source domains13, 15–16, 18–20, 214–215, 220, 298, 300, 304, 306–307, 313
- space22, 78, 99, 123–124, 126, 131, 180, 184–185, 233, 250, 300–301
- spider186, 188–194, 203
- studies4, 8, 28, 64, 191, 299, 313
- suicide 141–142, 145–148, 150–151, 153–159, 161, 165, 167–168, 308
- technical10, 23, 26, 116, 119, 145, 148, 150, 152, 307, 316
- terrain235, 243, 249
- theory-constitutive24, 147, 176–177, 193, 215, 264, 290, 297, 301, 312
- theory109, 114, 118, 189, 299, 302
- throwing dice122, 138
- thunderstorm of the nerves122, 138
- time passing242
- translation, genetic 9–10, 119, 127, 130–131
- tree, eugenics187, 203
- underlying 6–7, 12, 94, 184–185, 241, 253, 264
- valley243, 248–250
- violence 163–164, 201
- visual3, 30, 175–176, 178, 180–181, 183–185, 187, 189–191, 193–197, 200–201
- vocation 211–213, 218–219, 232, 252
- war43, 58, 154, 164, 199, 201–202, 309–310
- wave192, 215–217
- weapon145, 151–152, 163–164, 196–197, 199, 201, 204, 310
- metaphoric
9–10, 26,
45–46,
96–97, 101, 144,
148–150, 152, 212, 248, 250, 265, 280
- analogies263, 265, 270–271, 276, 278–282, 291–293
- construal79, 81, 83–84, 86, 90, 96, 98, 101, 107
- expressions9, 12, 43, 77, 79, 93–95, 106–107, 141–142, 148, 150, 152–155, 158, 164, 167, 269–270
- field 120–121, 124, 126–127, 129, 131
- mappings13, 43, 74,
76–77, 81,
83–85,
87–88, 90, 93,
95–96, 223,
225–226,
255–257
- source domain-to-target domain mapping12, 14, 19, 22, 308
- meaning11, 13, 17, 22, 26, 115, 121, 137, 175–177, 201–202
- patterns43, 57, 77, 119, 184, 189, 195, 204, 243
- representations61, 120, 122, 178, 184–185, 187, 192, 195, 200, 220, 225
- structure115, 188, 197, 204, 240, 256, 301, 304, 312
- thought184, 187, 191, 193, 196, 202, 211, 215
- words18, 119, 218, 228
- metaphoricity9, 11, 22, 26, 151, 187–188, 215, 217, 229, 271, 316
- methodology8, 23, 119, 126,
218–220, 231, 256, 267
- scientific28, 62–63, 127, 258, 314
- in metaphor study12, 20, 22–23, 28, 212, 298
- metonymy20, 180, 185, 196, 317
- microcosmic, level43, 223, 241–243, 245, 248, 252, 255–257, 300–302, 305
- microorganisms47, 54, 306
- microstates87, 95, 105
- mind, foremost in our13, 17, 24see also saliency
- mind, human31
- MIP (Metaphor Identification Procedure) 12–13, 30, 36–37, 149, 170, 198, 218, 253, 267–268, 295, 318
- misconceptions19, 146, 299, 302–303; , 306, 312–313; , 315see also epistemological confusion
- misrepresentation263, 286, 287, 288, 290, 292see also epistemological confusion
- models
55–56, 61, 63, 68, 99,
230–231, 299, 304
- computational19, 215, 289, 302–304
- explanatory3, 49, 59, 63, 181–182, 189, 213, 223, 299, 301–302, 304
- modes133, 146,
177–178, 184,
194–198
- communicative68, 92, 175–176, 194, 196, 198, 201–202
- modifications of metaphors213, 252–253, 266–267, 269, 291–292
- molecular biology41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55–57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67–69
- molecules43, 45, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 57, 60, 63, 87, 153–157, 160–161
- motion3, 75, 79, 84, 180,
184–185,
213–217, 233, 301
- mechanical66, 193, 224, 252, 300, 302–303, 310
- motivation1, 121, 144, 154, 156, 168
- movement
15–16, 52, 77,
80–82,
85–87, 90, 92, 94,
184–185, 188, 190,
192–193, 224,
242–244,
300–301
- nonlinear240, 243–245, 247, 250, 253, 255–256
- into/out16, 86–87, 202, 214, 217
- Müller, C.26, 35, 205
- murder147, 158, 168
- music175, 195, 198, 201–202, 282
N
- narratives20, 23, 85, 88, 91, 94, 128, 132, 193–197, 199, 201–202
- natural sciences28, 30, 113–114, 119–121, 127–128, 176, 181, 186, 195, 200, 204
- natural selection 46–47, 50, 69
- NCCD (Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death)144, 148
- Nealson, K. 54–55, 63, 71
- Nerlich, B.2, 35, 131, 140, 170, 313, 317
- network semantics13, 19, 114, 176, 193, 247
- neural network48, 289, 298, 304, 312
- Newtonian inferences 214–216, 235, 252, 301
- non-deliberate metaphors 24–26, 268–269
- non-linearity239, 241, 243, 247, 256
- non-metaphorical10, 199, 215–217; , 316see also dead metaphor, closed metaphor
- non-resemblance metaphor186, 189
- nonverbal metaphorSee metaphors, multi-modal
- Nova Atlantis128, 130
- nuclei53, 143, 147–148, 151, 160, 166, 213–214, 216, 301
- numeracy 222–223, 253
- Núñez, R. E.3, 35, 136, 176, 206, 222, 259
O
- observational studies28, 30, 41, 44, 63–65, 176–177, 211, 214, 216–218, 222, 224, 229, 231, 255–256
- online processing6, 11, 21, 27, 196, 264
- ontological inconsistency102see also blends, ontological
- ontologies81, 102, 130, 214
- Origin of Species 46–47
- Ortony, A.2, 11, 22, 35–37, 74, 109–110, 135, 137, 140, 204–205, 258–259, 293, 317
P
- partial mapping275, 288see also mappings, target-sourcemetaphoric mappings
- part/whole86
- path-goal schema44, 123, 126, 129, 131, 138, 185
- path metaphor15, 31, 41, 85–86; , 92, 123–124; , 126–129; , 180, 250, 290, 300see also metaphor, journey
- PCD.See programmed cell death
- pedagogy211, 217, 299, 314
- Peirce, C. S. 62–63, 68
- Pelengaris, S. & Khan, M.143, 154, 167
- personification 154–155, 159, 161, 164, 316
- perspective29, 31,
64–65, 74,
76–77, 79,
100–101, 115, 119, 288, 291, 293,
299–300
- change in 20–21, 24, 76–77, 96, 188, 192, 194, 214, 216, 237, 239, 268, 303, 306–307, 309
- persuasion67, 158, 263, 266, 291, 299, 311, 316
- phenomena, scientific18, 21, 23, 300, 308
- philosophers of science28, 46, 62, 176, 299
- philosophy62, 64, 77, 113, 127, 263–264, 266–267, 299
- Philosophy of Mind 264–266, 285, 291
- phylum target domain181, 197
- physical source domain14, 16, 20, 124, 128, 182, 184, 189–191, 193, 217, 254–255, 301–302, 304
- physical vertical dimension metaphorSee scale, verticle
- physics target domain15, 29, 31, 44, 47–48, 51, 85, 88, 101, 103–104, 211–213, 252, 254–255, 301–306
- physiology53, 126, 139, 180, 198
- picture corpus73, 79, 129, 175–176, 178–180, 183–186, 215, 233, 237, 254, 289
- pie charts81see also representations, modes of
- Pisa armata, crab species 192–193, 203
- pitch, high198
- Planck, Max 301–302
- plants16, 46, 53, 56–57, 121, 150, 154, 185, 310–311
- plaque, dental51, 59–60
- poetry15, 18see also artistic domains
- popularization
1–2,
29–30, 113,
121–122, 145, 195,
202–203, 211, 297, 299,
314–315
- press 141–143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 171
- positions, sub-mappings of114, 117, 181–182, 185, 188–189, 214–215, 230, 233–236, 239, 244, 254–255
- possessions/substances77, 80, 86, 90–91, 97, 103, 253, 315
- posture188, 191, 203
- power16, 56, 179, 188, 226, 234–236, 239, 254–255, 302, 311
- Pragglejaz Group13, 30, 36, 149, 170, 298, 318
- pragmatic theory of truth62
- predators56, 188–189, 192–193, 203, 244
- predictions63, 68, 147, 234, 251, 254, 256, 297, 299, 302–306, 312, 314, 316
- presentation7, 81, 83, 93, 181, 195, 219, 257, 298
- probability87, 216, 225, 254, 278, 284
- problem-solving 88–94, 100, 103, 106, 315
- process, unfolding, spontaneous9, 47, 75, 84, 86, 233, 242
- processes
- conceptualization 14–15, 19, 306
- dynamic48, 100, 241, 254, 304, 310
- mental14, 181, 275–276, 279, 283
- microscopic47, 51–52, 61, 87, 124, 141, 167
- productivity201, 203
- programmed cell death (PCD)116, 144–146, 148, 151–152, 157, 159, 161, 163–165, 167, 308
- promotional value 30–31, 194–197, 199–202, 204, 299, 314, 316
- pronouns90, 92, 94, 101
- proteins9, 17, 53, 58, 65, 67, 153, 157, 166
- prototypical13, 176, 225, 274
- psycholinguistic studies5, 14, 27
- psychological dynamics31, 48, 236–237, 240–246, 248, 250, 254–255, 301, 304, 309
- public goods 56–57; , 59see also social behavior
Q
- quantification3, 75, 81, 89, 223–224
- quantum theory130, 215, 302, 304
- quorum sensing41, 54–56, 58–61, 63–65, 68, 306–307
R
- racial differences78, 220–221, 224–231, 234, 253
- rational actor models230, 246
- rational choice theory221, 230
- readings130, 285, 288, 292–294
- realizations8, 11, 13, 30, 194, 196, 264
- real time processing6, 11, 27, 196, 264see also online processing
- reasoning
- audience’s10, 23, 95, 100, 107, 265, 292, 302
- contexts 99–102
- metaphoric30, 61–62, 68–69, 195, 203, 243, 245, 263, 276, 292
- qualitative 90–93, 100–101, 302, 304
- scientific7, 27–28, 68–69, 73–74, 85, 88, 96–97, 106, 224–225, 251–252, 254, 298–299, 303, 305–307, 316
- recontextualization of metaphors263, 267, 269see also metaphor recontextualization
- relatedness19, 89, 222, 233, 251–252, 254–255, 300, 304
- Relevance Theory6, 32
- reliability61, 63
- repetitions94, 158, 198, 266–267, 289
- representation
- conceptual77, 81, 83, 96, 184, 233
- incorrect30, 287, 289, 292
- modes of79, 81, 83, 92, 94, 178, 181, 183–184, 195–196, 200, 204
- reproductive process 28–29, 57, 117–118, 121–123, 125–126, 131, 310–311
- research
15–16,
60–61,
73–75, 99,
101–102,
175–177,
204–205, 217, 220, 222, 255
- scientific3, 7–8, 10, 12, 31, 176, 181–182, 188, 227, 237, 293
- resemblance metaphor14, 144, 177–178, 182, 189, 194, 201, 203–204
- resources17, 57,
80–81, 97, 103, 107, 123, 204, 213, 233,
237–238
- conceptual97, 103, 130
- pictorial103, 185, 187
- responses, bodily44, 60, 149, 161, 184, 195, 201, 256
- rhizobia57
- rhythm198
- richness87, 116–117
- RNA9, 45
- roles, central103, 122, 145, 148, 175, 184, 204, 211, 271
- roots57, 178–181, 187, 203, 241
S
- safety 153–155, 164, 249
- saliency 13–14, 17, 21, 23–24, 194, 197, 223, 234, 298, 310, 316
- sarcoma165
- scaffolding102, 126, 216
- scale, verticle19, 45, 81, 83
- scenarios20, 68, 116–117, 120–121, 126, 128, 131, 272–276, 281, 291, 300
- Schank, R., & Abelson, R. 271–274, 276–277, 294
- schema103, 181, 187, 215, 253
- Scherr, R. 81–82, 103, 108, 110
- Schmitt, R.113, 115, 119, 137
- Schrödinger, E.9, 122, 130, 140, 215–216
- science
- pedagogy 1–3, 18, 24, 28–29, 31, 41, 61, 64–68, 96, 102–103, 107–109, 176, 256–257, 314–315
- popularization 1–3, 24, 26, 29–31, 113, 168, 256
- writers22, 74, 84, 101, 104, 216–217, 299, 302–303, 305–307, 309–312, 314–315
- scientific
- communication 2–3, 5, 7–8, 10–11, 15–19, 21, 23–24, 26, 28, 144–145, 147–148, 297, 299, 310, 314
- concepts 7–8, 10, 12, 24, 29, 31, 73–74, 97, 99–100, 102, 105–107, 314–315
- discourse 3–4; , 30, 64, 67, 75, 79–81; , 84, 93, 99–107; , 146–147; , 298–300; , 307–309; , 314–315; see also language of science
- findings61, 74, 88, 93, 100–101, 185, 203, 251, 257
- Searle, J. R.
263–293
- arguments271, 276–278, 280, 283–284, 286, 290–292
- article 265–266, 270–271, 273–274, 280–281, 289
- Chinese Room Thought Experiment276, 280
- concept265, 270, 282, 285–286
- constructs274, 276
- goal265, 272, 284, 287
- metaphors 265–266, 269, 274, 280–284, 287–290, 292
- self-destruction 145–146, 150–151, 153, 157, 159–160, 162–163, 166
- self-organization27, 48, 50–51, 180, 241, 245–247, 250, 256
- sell-by date152, 158, 163
- semi-autonomous fields236, 239, 254
- Semino, E.7, 32, 36–37, 114–116, 137, 140, 148, 156, 158, 170, 214–215, 218, 270, 282, 293–294
- semiotic function28, 41, 45, 60–61, 68, 192
- senescencia165
- sensorimotor75, 77, 178, 181
- sensory-motor experience7, 300, 303
- sequences192, 196, 198, 232, 301, 303see also narratives
- temporal107, 185, 193, 198–199, 202, 238, 248, 301
- sharks 183–185
- signalling21, 45, 53, 55, 60, 63, 146, 153, 157, 163, 306–307
- similes 11–14, 23, 25, 28, 298
- similes and analogies8, 11–12
- single-cell organisms46, 51, 54, 306
- situational factors222, 225, 232, 242
- Smith, T. H. 211–212, 297–298
- social
- behavior51, 55–56, 222–223, 227, 230–232, 236, 239–241, 243–244, 247–248, 251–253, 255–256
- field theory 232–233, 236–240, 250, 254–256, 301
- interaction211, 220, 228, 232–233, 243–244, 301
- phenomena17, 218–219, 222, 228, 233, 253, 306
- process30, 218, 220–222, 224, 226–227, 234–237, 240, 251, 253–255, 301, 304–305
- science28, 30, 218–222, 224, 231, 242–245, 251–254, 256
- science research 211–212, 219, 222, 245
- scientists 219–223, 225, 228–229, 232–233, 240, 242, 251, 254–256, 304–305
- society124, 127–129, 131, 133, 156, 257
- solar system213, 251
- sound9, 14, 103, 142, 195,
197–199,
201–202, 215, 249, 309
- non-verbal175, 196–197, 201
- repeated198, 200, 309
- sound/music30, 176, 198, 202
- source domains, strategic use of23, 283, 307
- source-path-goal schema130see also path-goal schema
- space
- metaphoric 131–132, 232
- temporal 123–124
- Spaeth, G. L.147, 158, 170
- Spanish texts141, 149, 152–153, 155, 158, 160, 164–165, 167–168, 171, 185, 190
- spatial relations76, 95, 124, 242, 300
- speakers9, 114–115, 120, 132, 274
- specialised knowledge185, 188
- specialists 10–11, 23, 26, 212, 215, 228–229, 297, 303, 307, 314, 316
- species15, 46,
54–55, 57, 60, 181, 185,
190–191, 203, 309
- individual60, 185, 190
- microbial 54–55, 60
- non-human191, 194–195, 203
- speech66, 115–116, 132, 196
- squid 54–56
- state
- alternative equilibrium77, 86, 92, 94, 248–249
- conceptual mappings22, 66, 77, 97, 191, 216, 245, 249, 256, 271
- configurational 104–105
- macro245, 248, 310
- quiet105, 244, 251
- statistical analysis222, 224, 227–228, 231, 251, 253–254
- statistics220, 222, 225–226, 228–229, 231, 233, 237, 242, 254, 257, 299, 304
- Steen, G.8, 11–13, 22, 24–27, 36–37, 65–67, 71, 114–115, 136–137, 213, 216, 266–269, 294–295
- Steinhart, E.214, 216, 260, 303, 318
- stem cells121, 138
- stepping stones216, 218, 303, 316
- stereotypes15
- Stock, G. 122–125, 131, 134, 137–140
- Stomach Example by Searle60, 265, 271, 276, 278–279, 282–293
- stories99, 120, 132, 202, 225, 257, 265, 272–275, 277, 281, 310
- story understanding 271–274, 276, 279, 281
- strategy 103–104, 165, 190, 195, 197, 201
- strong AI claim271, 291
- strong subject matter theory254, 257
- structural elements14, 52, 65, 115
- student learning 98–99, 292, 303
- students
- female289
- university 93–94, 105
- weaker 292–293
- stylized facts 226–227, 229
- subclass181
- subjectivity189, 198, 309
- sub-mappings77,
80–81,
85–87, 105, 218,
221–222, 224,
234–236, 240,
243–244, 247,
251–252,
254–255, 306, 309
- conventional238see also metaphor, conventional
- integrated20, 30, 179, 211, 219, 240, 243, 253–254, 303, 312
- subclass181
- subjectivity189, 198, 309
- substance
- metaphor3, 47, 67, 76, 81–84, 86–87, 90, 98–99, 103, 303
- ontology90, 99, 222, 224, 233
- signaling55
- subsystems45, 278
- successes in explaining science18, 61, 103, 122, 187, 252, 300, 302, 310
- suicide, committing 141–142, 145, 147, 150–161, 163–164, 168
- supervenience28, 41, 45, 47–48, 57, 60–61, 68
- surface manifestation of mapping5, 232
- survival46, 50, 59, 145, 157, 164, 191, 193, 202–203; see also metaphor, dramaturgical
- suspects, criminal222, 224, 226–227, 229–231, 248, 253
- swayingSee algae metaphor
- symbionts57
- symbiosis, social metaphor 55–57
- symbols16, 236, 274, 281
- system
- elements81, 242
- thermodynamic 84–86, 93–94, 99, 104–105
- systematic metaphor analysis61, 65, 68, 77, 79, 81, 86, 93, 100, 106, 113, 115, 119see also metaphor, analysis
- system stability131, 236, 244–245, 247, 249–250
T
- tabulations 224–226, 232, 253
- target domain
- unfamiliar12, 19, 307
- complexity19, 272, 310
- context18, 272, 275
- elements5, 15, 279, 286, 288
- teachers19, 28–29, 66, 74, 101, 103–104, 214, 257, 314
- teaching students 1–3, 17, 19, 31, 63, 66, 100–101, 103–106, 195, 202, 303, 309
- technology114, 117, 120, 122, 124, 126, 129, 131
- contested114, 117
- new 113–114, 117
- related to science113, 119, 123, 127, 132, 185, 311
- teleology28, 41, 45–50, 57, 61, 68, 306
- temperature75, 84–85, 88–90, 98–99, 185, 300
- terminology
10–11,
147–148, 199, 201, 213, 215, 239, 315
- scientific167, 177, 184
- texts
- academic29, 73–76, 84–85, 88, 94, 102, 118, 219, 267, 285
- original117, 121, 132, 292, 311
- textual evidence153, 156, 159, 161, 164, 168, 176, 199, 202, 212, 219, 223
- thermodynamics28, 75, 79, 84–87, 94, 98, 105, 302
- thought processes12, 64–65, 282
- Tiers, E. T.57, 71
- time9,
11–12,
42–44, 46, 48, 106, 127,
130–132,
149–150, 185,
192–193, 198,
226–228,
233–234,
239–245,
247–248, 250, 255,
301–302,
307–308
- geologic17
- time-stable individual differences232
- tools28, 56, 62, 113, 213, 221, 224, 239, 293, 315
- computational215, 304
- topic2, 5,
21–22, 85,
87–88, 93, 114,
215–219,
251–253,
284–285,
292–293,
298–299,
303–304see also target domain
- given268
- important175
- main168
- respective293
- unfamiliar20
- trajectory236, 243, 246–250
- transfer
75–76,
79–80, 84,
86–87,
89–91, 93, 97, 115, 183, 313
- conceptualizing96, 98, 105
- transformation 79–80, 82–84, 86, 93
- tropes11, 25
- truth 61–62, 69, 131, 204–205, 264, 278, 280, 283, 314
- tumours 153–157, 161, 163
- turbulence244
- Turner33, 35, 78, 108, 110, 258, 260, 317
- types of metaphor11, 15, 17, 25, 27–28, 141–142, 153–154, 177–178, 180, 187, 189, 192–194, 197, 201–202, 204
U
- understanding
- accurate1, 21, 106, 142, 217, 230, 265, 292
- audience’s10, 12
- comprehensive147, 237, 303, 316
- micro level256, 311
- public’s7, 30, 63, 197, 233–234, 239, 300, 316
- scientist’s49, 60, 212
- United States131, 221, 226, 282, 284
- universe49, 84
- Ureña Gómez-Moreno, J.30, 176–177, 184, 191, 193, 199, 201, 206–207, 300, 309–310
V
- Vallacher, R.232, 239, 243, 245–246, 250, 261–262
- value of metaphor2, 8, 28–29, 102, 106, 187, 191–192, 231, 237–238, 302, 304, 310–311
- variables3, 62, 87, 92,
222–228, 231
- confounding226, 228
- dependent222, 224, 226–227
- extraneous227, 253
- independent85, 222, 233, 239
- verbalization176, 197, 199, 201, 227
- verbs 157–158, 168
- video clips20, 30, 51, 175–176, 184, 188, 191, 194, 198–199, 201–202, 227
- viewpoint, shift audience15, 117, 194–199; , 201–202; , 204, 217, 302–303; , 316see also perspective, change in
- virulence 58–59
- vitalism 47–48, 241
W
- Watts, D. M. 96–97, 110
- Weinrich, H.115, 121
- wholes, properties of48, 130
- Williams Camus, J. T.30, 141–142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 307–308
- Wordsmith Tools149
- world, natural56, 61–63
Z
- zombies162
- zoosemiotics191, 192, 195, 204
