In:Producing Figurative Expression: Theoretical, experimental and practical perspectives
Edited by John Barnden and Andrew Gargett
[Figurative Thought and Language 10] 2020
► pp. 533–542
Topic index
Published online: 17 December 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/ftl.10.ti
https://doi.org/10.1075/ftl.10.ti
A
- abstraction 475
- abuse
13, 18, 363-387
- see also therapy
- academic discourse
337-340
- see also European Corpus of Academic Talk
- access or accessibility (cognitive)
100, 176
- Direct Access Model 176
- acquisition see learning
- activation (cognitive) 213
- ADHD see attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- addiction as metaphor source 380
- ad hoc concepts 425, 426, 432, 437, 443-444
- adjectives or adverbs 271, 272, 286, 287
- aesthetics
313, 317, 320, 325
- Aida example 72-73
- affect see emotion
- affirmative utterances see literalness, sarcasm
- affordances 426-427, 444-445
- agency 14, 24, 403, 404, 410, 411-412, 414
- aggression 264, 281
- “alarm clock” as metaphor source 379
- allegory
14, 484
- see also metaphor, frog and scorpion fable, snake and man fable
- analogy
352, 367-387, 485, 514, 515
- see also lego analogy, mappings:structure–mapping, similarity, simile searching for, using ANALOGY lexeme 367-368
- animacy see metaphor: animacy
- annotation see corpus
- anthimeria 14, 487
- anthonomasia 14, 488
- antiphrasis 493-494
- anxiety 278, 280
- aphorisms 489
- aptness or appropriateness see metaphor
- Arabic, speakers of 93, 280
- argumentation
175-202
- see also purposes
- confirmation bias in 197, 199-201
- indirect 177, 186, 187-189, 200, 201
- reductio ad absurdum 178-182, 186, 189, 191, 199-201
- persuasion 3, 11, 177-180, 189, 198-199, 201
- art
1, 2, 9, 18, 22, 23
- see also aesthetics, creativity, multimodality, music, non–linguistic figurativeness, pictures
- artefacts 1, 2, 12-13, 299-327
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
6, 7, 26, 106, 512, 519, 529, 530
- see also ATT–Meta, Computational Linguistics, MetaphorMagnet, Physical Symbol System Hypothesis, Twitter:bots
- association(s) (between concepts, etc.)
19, 21, 302, 325
- ease of
312
- metaphorical 302, 324
- asymmetry of affect see emotion or affect
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 279
- attitudes
451, 453, 454, 464
- see also emotion, evaluative aspects
- criticism or praise (by irony) 276, 279, 283
- dissociative 181
- negative 181, 182
- praise (by irony)
- ATT–Meta 26
- authenticity 137, 141, 142, 155, 156, 165, 168, 169
- author historical salient terms see salience
- autism 16
- auxesis
14, 491
- see also overstatement, hyperbole
- ease of
312
B
- baby bottle example 319-320
- “back” examples (idioms, metaphors, etc.) 342-343
- bereavement see grief or bereavement
- biasing context see context
- bidirectionality
3
- see also mappings: reverse
- Birmingham data, the 351, 354, 355
- blank expression see deadpan
- blending theory
89
- see also integration
- blindness 9 AND see Cel, EA, EW, MT, pictures
- body as metaphor source 380 AND see: NATION AS BODY
- brain regions see neurophysiology
- British National Corpus (BNC) 336, 346-349, 396, 403, 405, 411
C
- Cantonese, speakers of 95, 276, 280
- Catalan discourse and study participants 273-274
- car picturing examples 55-57
- Career of Metaphor see metaphor
- categorization theory see metaphor
- Cel (blind child) see running–person drawing example
- CHAIN OF BEING 88
- child development see learning
- Chinese participants in studies
93-99, 337
- see also Cantonese, Mandarin
- Chinese Room argument 512, 529-530
- class–inclusion theory see metaphor
- clichés 271, 517
- clusters (or metaphors, ironies, etc.) 23
- “coalprint” examples (idioms, metaphors, etc.) 355
- codas, gestural 273-274
- coded or non–coded meanings see meanings
- Cognitive Linguistics 1, 7, 15, 26
- cognitive operations
469, 471-481
- see also mental processes
- concept–building 472
- sensory–motor 472
- representational 473
- construal 473
- inferential 473-481
- coherence (of expression, thought, etc.) 22, 23, 26
- collocation 411
- colours
- as metaphor targets 527-529
- as metaphorical source for emotions 435-436
- common ground
12, 25, 196-198, 243, 265-267, 281, 284
- mutually shared context, knowledge, etc. 176-177, 187, 189, 197, 201
- communication see figurative communication
- community membership see rapport
- compositionality 428-429
- compounds of figures 15 AND see metaphor:combination, irony:combination
- comprehensibility
9, 17, 49-50, 306, 334, 348, 354, 363-387
passim,
444
- see also inferability
- Computational Linguistics or computational approaches
6, 12, 14, 15, 16, 118-122, 429-445, 518-529
- see also Artificial Intelligence, constraint satisfaction, corpus, learning:supervised, neural networks, word co–occurrence, word–vectors
- computer–mediated communication
12, 13, 281-285, 288, 363-387
- see also emoticons, hashtags
- conceptual integration theory see blending theory
- conceptual metaphor see metaphor: conceptual
- conceptual pacts see coordination
- conceptual spaces see domains (etc.)
- concordances see corpus
- conflation 477
- consciousness
2, 6
- see also Chinese Room argument, intention, metaphor: deliberate
- constraints or constraint satisfaction
14, 20, 44, 46, 113, 159, 164-165, 265-269, 310, 316, 324, 325, 464, 471, 473-475, 496-506,
- double–mapping constraint see mappings
- parallel 265
- constructions (linguistic) 211, 214, 215, 219, 221-228
- CONTAINER metaphor 22, 391, 403
- context
11, 12, 14, 16, 37-38, 41, 44-48, 58, 62, 78, 86, 89, 91-93, 99, 213, 216-218, 221, 225, 227, 229-231, 243-244, 248-250, 252, 259, 284, 304, 308-309, 314, 316, 321, 324-325, 341,354 394, 402, 422-423, 435, 452, 454-456, 458-461, 475, 478, 492, 493, 500, 502, 504, 520-524
- see also scaling (context–relative)
- conceptual 422-423, 435
- biasing 216, 218
- collapse of 284
- ecological validity of 45
- generation of 45-48
- contrast (incl. opposition)
14, 15, 351, 357, 476, 505, 519
- see also tension
- maximization of 505
- salient 15, 454, 455, 458
- conventionality
- of figurative formulas 133
- conventional metaphor see metaphor
- conversation see face–to–face interaction
- coordination in communication
13, 23-24, 27, 335, 348-349, 351, 353
- see also egocentricity, figurative communication
- conceptual pacts 348-349, 353
- negotiation of meaning 13, 27, 335
- corpus–based data/analysis
7, 9, 11, 22, 37-38, 85-87, 219, 225, 232, 332, 357, 395-399, 400-401, 405, 411, 414-415, 426, 428, 432, 519, 523, 529
- see also analogy:search, Birmingham data, British National Corpus (BNC), English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Settings corpus (ELFA), European Corpus of Academic Talk (EuroCoAT), Hebrew TenTen corpus, Linguistic Inquiry Word Count, n–grams, UCREL, Vienna–Oxford Corpus of International English (VOICE), Wikipedia, Wmatrix, word co–occurrence, WordNet, word–vectors
- annotation of 337, 397 see also: UCREL
- concordances 396, 398
- correlation as basis for metaphor see metaphor: correlational
- Correlation Principle 14, 502-503
- cosine measure 439
- counselling see therapy
- creativity or novelty (incl. creative metaphor)
2, 5, 6, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 85-93, 99,100 212, 214, 216, 220, 229, 232, 247-260, 313, 317, 325, 332, 333, 335, 340-350, 352, 353, 355, 357, 517
- computational 6, 513
- creativity assistance tool 118-122
- in pictures 56, 58, 64, 79
- critical irony see irony
- cross–cultural issues see cultural issues
- cross–linguistic issues
10, 12, 13, 19-20, 22, 23
- see also languages (mentioned)
- cross–modality see multimodality
- cues towards interpretation choices
212, 248, 474
- see also deviance, irony:markers, metaphor:markers
- external, internal 212
- cultural issues 9, 12, 15, 21, 22, 24, 99-100, 279-281, 334, 351, 511
- honor, culture of
281
see also honorifics
- curse of dimensionality 433, 434
D
- deadpan expression 274, 281
- death
389, 392, 398, 406
- see also grief
- defaultness
11, 211-220, 222-230, 232, 265
- Defaultness Hypothesis 11, 211-219, 223-226, 228, 229, 232
- default aspects of depictions 56, 58, 63, 64, 65, 73, 79
- default interpretations 211-216, 219, 224, 227, 229, 232
- definiteness or indefiniteness 237-260
- deliberate aspects of figure use 269 AND see intention, irony: deliberate aspects, metaphor:
- deliberate aspects
- density or frequency of metaphor in discourse see metaphor: frequency
- depression 16, 18, 406, 412
- design
299, 300, 305, 323, 324, 327
- see also Excalibur, Juicy Salif
- designer
300-302, 304-310, 313, 316, 319, 321, 323
- conception of the 306
- deviance (from linguistic expectations) 239, 241-242
- dictionaries see usage notes or dictionaries
- dimensions (of spaces) see curse of dimensionality
- disabilities see health–related issues
- discourse
- discursive drift, 88, 92
- fields 368-369
- goals of 269-270, 273, 279, 282, 288
- discourse history, 87
- markers 212 see also irony markers
- disorders see health–related issues
- dispensable object as metaphor source 379
- distributional semantics 422, 423, 428, 430
- distribution of interpretation types 219, 221-230
- divided–self metaphor 403
- domains, semantic fields, semantic spaces, etc.
4, 9, 14, 20, 22, 23, 50, 341, 395-396, 398-402, 414, 415, 432, 514
- see also discourse:fields, mappings, frames, metaphor:scenarios, subspaces domain expansion or reduction 478
- selection of metaphor source–domain (vehicle) 314-317
- double–mapping constraint see mappings
- Dutch language examples and participants in studies 240-260 passim, 337, 339, 349
- dysphemism 166
E
- EA (blind man), drawings by 61-63,79
- “earthquake” as metaphor source 382-383
- echoing
480
- see also irony: echoing
- maximization of 505
- ecological validity (of studies) 9, 11, 38, 44, 45, 48, 52, 131, 135-137, 142, 155, 168, 201, 271, 424
- egocentricity in communication 25, 265, 267
- ellipsis 282, 284
- embodiment 24, 313, 314, 393, 403, 470, 496, 506
- emoticons or emojis 282-287
- emotion or affect 1,2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15-19, 177, 180, 182-190, 195, 196, 198-201, 342, 346, 389, 390-392, 405, 413, 450-458, 461, 465
- see also attitude, colours, directions as emotions, evaluative aspects, sentiment analysis
- asymmetry of affect 268, 272, 286
- emotion words, positive 272, 285, 287
- empathy 17, 390, 413
- emphasis
3, 15, 449, 451, 452, 456, 459, 462-465
- see also markedness, salience
- English as a lingua franca (ELF)
333, 334, 336-337, 342, 354, 357, 366-367
- ELF in Academic Settings corpus (ELFA) 336
- epistemic vigilance 184-185
- euphemism 160, 166, 475, 492
- European Corpus of Academic Talk (EuroCoAT) 335, 337-340, 351, 356-357
- evaluative aspects of language
3, 11, 12, 71-72, 89-91, 93, 96-97, 100, 345, 350, 435-436
- see also emotion or affect
- evaluative qualities as directions (metaphor) 435-436
- evaluation of abilities of a method 441-442
- Event Structure metaphor 22
- EW (blind woman), drawings by 66-74, 79
- exaggeration see hyperbole
- Excalibur example see toilet brush example
- expressive shapes see pictures
- Extended Invariance Principle 14, 316, 497-501
- eye movements 272, 274, 278
- eyebrow movements 272-273
F
- face–threatening acts
269
- see also politeness
- face–to–face interaction 331-358
- facial signals see deadpan, eye movements, eyebrow movements, mouth movements
- familiarity
13, 38, 56, 63, 66, 74, 76, 79, 176, 192, 212, 230, 244, 246-249, 254, 255, 287, 317, 325, 346, 514, 516
- see also metaphor: conventional
- figurative communication
305, 321, 322, 390-391, 412
- see also academic discourse, coordination of meaning, English as a lingua franca, face–to–face interaction, purposes, rapport, repetition or reuse
- evolution of or development of 306, 340-350, 351, 357 see also metaphor: entrenchment
- failure of or deficiencies in
307, 308, 309, 313, 317, 334, 356
- see also Trinity
- indeterminacy of metaphor 517
- figurativeness, types of see allegory, anthimeria, anthonomasia, antiphrasis, aphorisms, auxesis, dysphemism, euphemism, hendiadys, hypallage, hyperbole, hypocatastasis, irony, litotes, meiosis, merism, metaphor, metonymy, overstatement, oxymoron, paradox, prolepsis, rhetorical questions, sarcasm, simile, synecdoche, understatement
- inclusivity with respect to types 165
- Finnish discourse and study participants 278
- flyswatter example 311, 312
- foetal abnormality see pregnancy issues
- formulaic figurative language
132, 142, 168
- see also idiom
- frames
365, 371-375, 425, 427
- see also scenarios
- framing effects 18, 93, 99
- affective framing 184
- French language phenomena or samples 191, 276
- frequency or density
- of routine formulas see prevalence
- of metaphor in discourse see metaphor: frequency
- frog and scorpion fable (as metaphor source) 376
- frog in boiling water (metaphor example) 378-379
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 19
- functions of figures or figurativeness see purposes
G
- gender effects
9, 12, 40-43, 266, 277-278
- in gratitude acknowledgements 41, 42-43
- in metaphor production 40-41
- in irony production or understanding 266, 277-278
- German
- language phenomena 219-224
- participants in studies 337, 339, 356
- gesture see codas, non–linguistic figurativeness
- Google Books 271, 272
- Graded Salience Hypothesis see salience
- gratitude acknowledgments 9, 10, 132, 134-5, 137-142, 146 –147, 149-168
- “Great White Shark” as metaphor source 375
- grief or bereavement
389, 391-392, 396, 398-400, 402, 403, 406-415
- see also death
- models of grief 406
- recovery from grief 413
- process of grieving 409
- grounding
- of metaphor see metaphor: grounding
- of symbols 524
H
- “hand” examples (idioms, metaphors, etc.) 242, 343-344
- hashtags 285, 287
- health–related issues or healthcare
18
- see also: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, blindness, death, depression, grief, ILLNESS AS WAR, pain, post–traumatic stress, pregnancy issues, schizophrenia, therapy, trauma, Williams syndrome
- HEART OF EUROPE metaphor 88-95, 100
- Hebrew language phenomena/examples 214-232
- Hebrew TenTen corpus 228
- hendiadys (in pictures) see pictures
- honor, culture of see cultural issues
- honorifics 279
- humour 3, 23, 27, 225, 264, 267, 269, 273, 276-278, 281, 282, 288, 519
- hypallage 487
- hyperbole or exaggeration 5, 10, 12, 15, 39, 46, 56, 62, 77, 132-134, 138, 140-141, 150, 155, 159, 162-164, 264, 271, 273, 284, 279, 288, 449-465, 478, 482, 489-492, 495, 497, 500, 503-504
-
see also overstatement
- compounds involving see metaphor:combination, irony:combination
- exaggeration as distinct from hyperbole 449
- in pictures see pictures
- hyperpersonal interaction 267
- hyper–understanding 273, 516
- hypocatastasis 486
I
- iconicity, iconic signs 12, 20, 22
- IDEAS ZOOM BY HEAD metaphor 20
- identifying–as
3
- see also rapport: in–groups
- idioms
11, 38-39, 89, 131-134, 167, 237-260, 270, 334, 342, 343, 345, 357, 462, 470, 517
- see also formulaic figurative language
- familiarity of see familiarity
- idiomaticity 238-239, 242, 257-258
- processing of 246-247
- semantic (non–)decomposability of 238, 258-259
- transparency or opaqueness of 244, 246, 251, 252, 254-256, 258, 260
- trumping of 516
- indirect language 269, 279
- Indonesian participant in study 349
- ILLNESS AS WAR 88
- illocutionary force 269
- image schemata 22
- image metaphors see metaphor:image
- image theory of metaphor versus understatement, tautology and irony 76-77
- imagistic mappings see mappings: imagistic
- imbalance in research see production in relation to understanding
- implicature
175, 186
- see also pragmatics
- implicit display theory of irony see irony
- indefiniteness see definiteness
- indeterminacy of metaphor see figurative communication
- inferability 265, 266, 267, 274, 281, 282
- in–groups see rapport
- integration
475
- see also blending theory
- interjections 271, 272, 284, 287
- intention
15, 24, 25, 26, 310, 325, 352
- see also: deliberate aspects of figure use, metaphor:unintended, pragmatics, purposes
- pragmatic 310, 313, 323
- experiential 311, 313, 323
- internal (mental) use/foundations of figurativeness
2, 4, 9, 26, 27
- see also mental processes
- interpretability see comprehensibility
- Invariance Principle
316
- see also Extended Invariance Principle
- irony
3, 5-6, 11-12, 14-15, 27, 39, 45-46, 86. 89, 92, 130, 133, 159, 164, 166-167, 175-202, 213, 263-289, 477, 480-484, 491-495, 501, 503, 505-506, 515
- see also echoing, image theory, quoting, sarcasm
- canonical 268
- combined with or accompanying exaggeration or hyperbole 460-465, 515
- comprehension of 265, 268, 277-279
- critical 186-187, 191-195, 197, 200
- definitions of 263-264
- dramatic 264
- echoing in 6, 86, 92
- identification online of 286-288
- implicit display theory of irony 271
- ironic analogy 264
- ironic restatement 264
- ironic victim 269, 280
- markers/flags/signals/cues for
5, 12, 270-276, 281-284
- kinesic 272-274
- lexical 270-272
- tone of voice 264, 267, 274-276
- noncanonical 268-269
- in pictures see pictures
- praising 187, 191-195, 197-198 see also sarcasm: affirmative
- pretence in 6, 264, 274
- sarcastic 175-176, 188, 191, 195-200
- situational 264
- Socratic 264
- versus sarcasm 264, 288
- Irony Board 270
- Italian discourse and/or study participants 190, 199, 200, 276
J
- Japanese
- language phenomena 279-280
- speakers of 73
- job–as–jail metaphor example 5
- joint action see coordination
- jokes see humour
- JOURNEY metaphor 391, 402-403, 413
- Juicy Salif lemon squeezer example 324
K
- kinesic cues for irony see irony: cues
- Know Hope example 218
- Korean
- participants in studies 279
- speakers of 279
L
- languages (mentioned, other than English) see Arabic, Cantonese, Catalan, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Polish, Russian, Spanish
- language variation see cross–linguistic issues
- large–scale data see corpus
- laughter
273, 282, 288
- see also humour
- learning/acquisition (human, of linguistic, figurative, etc. ability)
7, 13, 14, 16, 23, 313, 314, 339, 352, 354
- supervised learning (by software) 440
- lego analogy 352-353
- lemon squeezer (Juicy Salif) example 324
- let–it–pass principle 334
- lexical cues for irony see irony: cues
- lexicography see usage notes or dictionaries, WordNet
- life cycle (of a metaphor) 306
- life generation task 51-52
- Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) 47-48
- literalness or literal language
212, 214-232, 402, 404, 406-7, 411-412, 414-415
- see also metaphorization
- affirmative 216-218, 224-229
- literal interpretation(s) 176, 212, 213, 215, 217, 221, 223, 225-227, 229-232
- litotes
14, 482, 492, 500-501, 504, 506
- see also understatement
- living creatures as metaphor sources 375-379
- LOVE AS WAR metaphor, 88
M
- Magnet (system) see MetaphorMagnet
- Mandarin, speakers of 95
- mappability 316, 325
- mappings
4, 5, 12, 14, 20, 341
see also iconicity
- abstract 318, 322, 326
- double–mapping constraint 20
- imagistic 437
- in product design 301, 302, 318, 326
- literal 318, 319
- reverse mapping, metaphorization
25-26
see also bidirectionality
- source–driven 319
- strategies 318
- structure–mapping in 425, 514 see also analogy
- target–driven 319, 326
- markedness or unmarkedness
216
- see also defaultness, salience
- meanings (of particular types)
- coded/non–coded 211, 217, 218, 229
- primary/secondary 56, 58, 64, 79
- meiosis 492
- memorability 17
- memory
16, 397, 408
- working 16, 106, 278-279, 354
- mental processes
2, 3, 4, 11, 14, 20, 25, 26, 27, 211, 214-219, 223
- see also cognitive operations, emotion, internal use of figurativeness, memory, synaesthesia
- merism 489
- metalepsis (in pictures) see pictures
- metaphor
1-6, 9-27, 38-41, 44, 48-52, 55-79, 85-100, 105-123, 131-134, 159-160, 166-167, 213-215, 217-224, 230, 231, 238, 269, 277, 278, 288, 299-327, 331-358, 363-387, 389-415, 421-445, 450-452, 462-464, 469-471. 475-478, 480, 482-488, 490, 496-498, 502-503, 506, 511-530
- see also (for issues or approaches): allegory, analogy, ATT–Meta, embodiment, idioms, MetaphorMagnet, paragons, simile, similarity
- specific examples and schemata see addiction, “alarm clock”, “back”, body, CHAIN OF BEING, colours, CONTAINER, “coalprint”, dispensable objects, divided–self, “earthquake”, evaluative qualities as directions, Event Structure, frog and scorpion fable, frog in boiling water, “Great White Shark”, “hand”, HEART OF EUROPE, ILLNESS AS WAR, JOURNEY, lego analogy, living creatures, LOVE AS WAR, NATION AS …, PHYSICAL LOCATION, popular culture, “puppy”, seeING, snake and man fable, surgeons as butchers, “tornado”, toys, weather
- aesthetic aspects of 313, 317, 320, 325, 326
- animacy or personification 403-404, 411
- aptness or appropriateness of 16, 17, 106, 114, 115-119, 122, 312, 317, 324, 325
- associations (metaphorical) see associations: metaphorical
- Career of 514
- categorization/class–inclusion theory of 5, 17, 514
- combined with or accompanying hyperbole 450-452, 462-464
- conceptual (incl. Conceptual Metaphor Theory) 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 21, 23, 49, 76, 88, 100, 133-134, 107-108, 314, 335, 356, 364-365, 423-425, 427-428, 435
- conventional 13, 17, 332, 333, 340-350, 353, 357, 358 see also familiarity
- copula metaphors 521
- correlational 477-478
- depth of a 312
- deliberate aspects of metaphor use (incl. “deliberate metaphor” theory) 6, 15, 59, 60, 72,74, 86, 93, 111-112, 300, 317, 323-324, 351, 513-514, 516-520, 522, 525, 527, 529 see also intention
- entailments of 402, 404
- entrenchment 340-350 passim, 357
- experience 306
- frequency 333-334, 337-340, 356-357
- functions (incl. criticism, empowerment, explanation, support) 382-386 see also purposes
- generation process 309
- grounding of 525
- identification of 333, 334, 397 see also MIP or MIPVU, VIP
- image metaphors 106, 109-110
- intention to use a 323, 324
- in vivo versus in vitro approach 37-38
- markers/flags/signals/cues for 367, 427
- misinterpretation of 308 see also metaphoric communication
- mixed or compounded metaphor 392, 412-413
- novel/creative see creativity
- in pictures, diagrams, etc. see non–linguistic figurativeness
- potential 517
- in product/artefact design see design, product metaphor
- scenarios 89-100
- in thought see internal use
- of time (or related matters) see time
- structure–mapping account of see mappings: structure mapping
- translation of see translation
- unintended 308
- vehicle–term production task 49-51
- metaphoric communication see figurative communication
- metaphorization see mappings: reverse
- MetaphorMagnet 519
- metonymy
6, 14, 75, 79, 88-89, 94, 97, 100, 107, 131, 305, 307, 462, 469-471, 473, 475, 478-479, 482-483, 485-489, 496-500, 502-503, 505-506, 515, 527
- in pictures 79, 107
- MIDAS 6
- MIP or MIPVU
333, 336
- see also metaphor: identification
- miscarriage see pregnancy
- misquotation see quoting
- misunderstanding see comprehensibility, figurative communication
- mitigation 480
- mixing see compounds
- money–as–water metaphor examples 4
- mouth movements 272-273, 274, 281
- MOVING EGO metaphor 392, 394, 402-404, 410-415
- MOVING TIME metaphor 392, 394, 404, 410-415
- MT (blind girl ), drawings by 55-61, 74-75, 79
- multimodality 9, 13, 22
- multi–word units (MWUs)
342, 345, 357
- see also idioms
- music
1, 22
- see also art, multimodality
- mutually shared context see common ground
N
- NATION, metaphor for
- NATION AS BODY 88, 95-96, 98, 100
- NATION AS PERSON 88, 97-98, 100
- NATION AS STRICT FATHER vs. NURTURANT PARENT 99
- negation 232
- negotiation of meaning see coordination, discourse: discursive drift
- neural networks 442
- neurophysiology 4, 18-19, 75, 393
- n–grams 518
- non–formulaic figurative language 131
- non–human species 65
- non–linguistic figurativeness
1, 2, 18, 22, 55-79, 105-123, 299-327
see also multimodality
- in artefact/product design see design, products
- in facial expressions 2, 12, 182
- in gestures 1, 2, 12, 182
- in pictures, diagrams, etc. see pictures
- tactile aspects of 9, 13 AND see pictures
- normative point (on a scale) 455-461
- norms, linguistic and cultural 519
O
- objectification see dispensable object as metaphor source, metaphor: specific examples
- objectivity
3
- see also pictures: realism
- online discussion task 39-41
- opinion mining see sentiment analysis
- opposition see contrast
- overstatement
14, 451, 454-455, 457, 460, 480, 482, 489-490, 503-504, 506
- see also exaggeration, hyperbole
- oxymoron see paradox
P
- pain 390, 399, 407
- paradox (incl. oxymoron)
14, 78, 392, 406, 407, 414, 475, 478, 481-482, 495-496, 501, 503-506
- paradoxical perceptions of time 392, 406, 407, 414
- paragons 485
- parameterization of concepts 479
- passage completion task 41-44
- pathetic fallacy (in pictures) see pictures
- personality differences 278
- personification see metaphor: animacy
- persuasion see argumentation
- physical co–presence 266, 281
- PHYSICAL LOCATION metaphor
402, 403
- Physical Symbol System Hypothesis 512
- pictures, diagrams, tactile drawings, etc. (figurativeness in)
1, 2, 9, 10, 22, 55-79, 105-123, 323
see also aesthetics, art, image theory, metaphor: image, multimodality
- specific examples of, or by specific individuals see aesthetics:Aida, car, Cel, EA, EW, MT, Tenniel, Trinity, wheels
- comprehension of 60, 77-78
- default aspects of see defaultness
- devices for depicting action, containment, an et cetera, motion, shape, size, etc. 56, 60, 62-65, 70, 76, 78
- devices for depicting thoughts 56, 70, 74
- hendiadys, hyperbole and pathetic fallacy in 62
- homospatial visual metaphors 108-115, 119-120, 123
- iconicity and resemblance, 78-79
- irony in 58, 79
- juxtaposed visual metaphors 108-111, 114-115, 119-120, 123
- medial lines in 74-75
- [picture as] metalepsis 58, 72, 79
- [picture as a] metaphor, 74
- metonymy in see metonymy
- primary and secondary meanings in see meanings
- realism in 55, 59, 60, 78
- symbolic expressive shapes in 72-74
- tangible and visible aspects of depicted scenes 58
- pitch (of speech) 275-276
- poetry 77, 203
- generation of 522
- Polish discourse and/or study participants 278, 355
- politeness
3, 140-150, 156-159, 160-164, 270, 272, 279-280, 282
- see also face–threatening acts
- Politeness Theory 160-164
- popular culture items as metaphor sources 380
- post–traumatic stress 406
- Pragglejaz 333, 336, 337, 397
- praise irony see irony
- pragmatics or pragmatic effects
3, 11, 12, 15, 242-244, 246, 248, 259, 269, 422, 425, 427
- see also illocutionary force, Relevance Theory, speech–act theory
- pragmatic (non–)licensing 242, 244
- presupposition failure 243, 246, 248, 259
- pregnancy issues
13-14, 389-415
- foetal abnormality 391, 395, 405
- labour 400
- miscarriage, stillbirth, termination 391, 393, 395, 399, 400, 405, 406, 412, 413
- prevalence
- of routine formulas 133
- of other phenomena see metaphor:frequency
- Principle of Scalar Pragmatic Adjustment 504
- Principle of Scalar Symmetry 504 see also overstatement, understatement
- production (figurative), induction of see production tasks
- production in relation to understanding
- demarcation of 23-27
- imbalance in research in 1, 4-6
- irony production vs. understanding 187-188, 190
- intertwining of 9-10, 24-27
- other issues 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
- product(s)
- see also Excalibur, Juicy Salif
- design of see design
- product metaphor 300, 301, 304
- production tasks (in experiments) 38-44, 142ff
- prolepsis 494
- prosody 280
- psychotherapy see therapy
- “puppy” examples (idioms, metaphors, etc.) 349-350
- purposes or functions (of figurativeness)
3, 331, 333, 334, 337, 342-345, 357, 390-391, 412
- see also argumentation, metaphor:deliberate, metaphor:functions, framing effects, intention, pragmatics or pragmatic effects
Q
- quoting or misquoting
89, 92, 100, 350-356
- see also irony: echo–based approaches
R
- rapport (incl. community membership, in–groups, insiders) 3, 266, 281, 342, 351
- realism in pictures see pictures
- reductio ad absurdum see argumentation
- regional variation see variation
- Relevance Theory 3, 164, 166, 422, 480, 502
- relevant scale (in hyperbole and irony) 452, 454-455, 459, 461-464
- repetition or reuse
272, 288, 350, 351, 353, 356, 357
- see also quoting, systematicity, irony: ironic restatement
- representations (semantic or conceptual) 426, 428, 443-444, 472-473, 475, 479, 480, 490, 505, 541, 519, 523, 525, 529-530
- resemblance see similarity
- resonance 11, 211, 213, 214, 219, 221-232
- reverse mapping see mappings
- rhetorical questions 264, 279
- rhythm (of speech) 275
- “rock” examples (idioms, metaphors, etc.) 347-348
- routine formulas see formulaic figurative language
- running–person drawing example 60
- Russian language phenomena 219-221, 223-234
S
- salience
176-177, 196, 212, 228, 310, 312, 313, 315, 316, 318, 320, 325, 326
see also contrast: salient
- author historical salient terms 286
- Graded Salience Hypothesis 176-177, 196
- of a metaphorical source 310, 315, 316, 325
- of a metaphor target / mapped properties 312, 313, 318, 320, 326
- shifting of 456-458, 460-465
- sarcasm
5, 9, 11, 12, 14, 39, 45-48, 86, 91, 92, 133, 166, 175-176, 188, 191, 195-200, 211, 213, 215-217, 224-230, 232, 264-266, 268-269, 271-273, 275-288, 495, 501-502
see also irony
- affirmative 216, 217, 228-230 see also irony: praising
- sarcasm self–report scale 277-278
- saturation 479-480
- scaling (context–relative) in hyperbole and irony 458-461
- scenarios
89-92, 97-100, 365, 380-383
- see also frames
- schizophrenia 18, 23
- SCUBA 286-287
- seeING metaphor for cognitive states/activity 340-341, 344-345, 356, 403
- selectional preferences 427
- semantic fields or spaces see domains
- sensorimotor processing see embodiment, neurophysiology
- sentiment analysis or opinion mining
12, 272, 284, 285-288, 518, 529
- see also emotion or affect
- sign(ed) language 20, 21, 273, 274
- signs (in general sense) 511-530 passim
- similarity or resemblance
10, 14, 476, 105-123
see also analogy, mappings, structure mapping
- perceptual 106, 109-123
- simile
3, 108, 269, 353, 427, 441, 462, 476, 482-484, 491, 498, 506, 520, 522
see also analogy, mappings, structure mapping
- versus metaphor 483-484
- source (of a metaphor, etc.) see domains, mappings
- snake and man fable (as metaphor source) 375-376
- Spanish participants in studies 335-341 passim, 349, 354-357
- speech–act theory 3
- speech features (acoustic) see voice features
- speed superiority 212-218, 225, 226, 229
- stereotypes 520
- stillbirth see pregnancy
- strengthening 480
- structure mapping see mappings
- structure–preservation 20, 514
- substitution 475
- subspaces (semantic) 423, 426, 432, 433-437
- “suggestive” language 179-180
- surgeons as butchers metaphor 434-436, 439-440, 443, 463-464
- symbols or symbol manipulation
426, 511-530
passim
- see also grounding
- synaesthesia 486
- synecdoche 487
- systematicity in metaphor use
335, 341, 350, 351, 357
- see also repetition
T
- tagging of corpora see corpus: annotation
- target (of a metaphor, etc.) see domains, mappings
- teasing 3, 12, 269, 270, 280, 288
- tempo (of speech) 275
- Tenniel’s “Dropping the Pilot” picture example 78-79
- tension
3, 317
- see also contrast
- TenTen corpus see Hebrew TenTen corpus
- termination of pregnancy see pregnancy
- therapy and support–groups
13-14, 17, 18
- see also abuse, healthcare
- thought, figurativeness in see internal use of figurativeness
- time, metaphor of
13-14, 20, 389-415
see also: MOVING EGO, MOVING TIME
- time–as–flying example 20
- awareness, compression, displacement, expansion, reification of 392, 403-410, 414, 415
- Tinge Hypothesis 186-187, 196, 283
- toilet brush example 315-317
- “tornado” as metaphor source 381-382
- toys as metaphor sources 379-380
- translation (of metaphor, etc.)
3, 20-22
- by machine 21
- see also cross–linguistic issues
- trauma
390, 399, 406-407, 411-412, 414
- see also abuse
- Trinity, image of 77
- trumping of idioms see idioms
- Twitter or tweets 12, 281, 284-287, 518, 523-529
- bots 518, 520, 524
U
- UCREL Semantic Annotation System 368-369
- understatement
14, 31, 39, 77, 264, 480, 482, 491-492, 500, 503-504, 506
- see also image theory, litotes
- usage notes or dictionaries 270-271
- USAS see UCREL Semantic Annotation System
V
- variation
- in conceptualization or interpretation 85-87, 93, 95, 97, 99-10, 280-281
- across languages see cross–linguistic issues
- across regions 280-281
- victim, ironic see irony: ironic victim
- Vienna–Oxford Corpus of International English (VOICE) 334, 335-337, 342-350, 353, 357
- VIP (Vehicle Identification Procedure) 333
- visual metaphor see non–linguistic figurativeness
- vividness 3, 525
- voice features see irony:cues, pitch, prosody, rhythm, tempo
W
- weather as metaphor source 381-383
- wheels, pictorial depiction of 55-57, 60-66
- Wikipedia (used as corpus) 432
- Williams Syndrome 16
- Wmatrix software tool 341, 368-369, 395-396, 398
- word co–occurrence 423, 428, 430, 431, 434
- WordNet 120, 122, 396, 427
- word–vectors 423, 428, 430, 434, 439
- working memory see memory
