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In:Producing Figurative Expression: Theoretical, experimental and practical perspectives
Edited by John Barnden and Andrew Gargett
[Figurative Thought and Language 10] 2020
► pp. 263–296

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The production of verbal irony

How to be an ironist

 | University of Memphis
 | University of Memphis
Published online: 17 December 2020
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/ftl.10.10kre
Abstract
Although verbal irony has been a topic of interest for researchers studying language comprehension, the production of irony is also of great interest, since it highlights the situational, pragmatic, and even cultural factors that affect language use. Issues of production and interpretation have, if anything, become even more salient with the rise of email, texting, and social media. Even though such mediums are conversationally impoverished, new conventions and nonliteral markers have evolved to allow verbal irony to both survive and flourish online. This chapter will provide a review and an assessment of the current state of the literature on these topics.
Article outline
  • 1.Definitional issues
  • 2.Cues and constraints
    • 2.1Knowledge constraints
    • 2.2Situational constraints
    • 2.3Discourse goals
    • 2.4Lexical cues
    • 2.5Kinesic cues
    • 2.6The ironic tone of voice
  • 3.Individual differences
    • Gender differences
    • 3.1Personality differences
    • 3.2Cognitive differences
  • 4.Cultural differences
    • 4.1Linguistic and cultural variation
    • 4.2Regional variation
  • 5.Computer-mediated communication
    • 5.1Emoticons and emojis
    • 5.2Other ways to signal sarcasm online
  • 6.Twitter, sentiment analysis, and verbal irony
    • 6.1The problem of irony
    • 6.2Identifying irony online
  • 7.Unanswered questions
  • Note
  • References
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