Lost in translation
The Arabic manuscript of Artemidorus’ Oneirocritica
Published online: 25 April 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.00035.pat
https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.00035.pat
Abstract
In 1959, Toufic Fahd – a professor of Arabic language, literature, and civilization – made a fortuitous discovery.
During a visit to the University of Istanbul, while perusing the University’s library, Fahd stumbled upon an Arabic translation of
a Greek work, namely the famous dream interpretation book of Artemidorus, known as the Oneirocritica. The
original Greek text is fascinating as it stands as the sole surviving classical work on dream interpretation. The discovery of its
later Arabic translation, however, is captivating in its own right. The context of this translation alone is of particular
interest to any Islamic historian, having been initially commissioned during the height of the ʿAbbāsid Translation Movement and
undertaken by the renowned translator, Ḥunayn Ibn ʾIsḥāq. The intention of the present paper is to compare these texts,
highlighting intentional changes made to the content of the Greek work, specifically in instances related to mythology, sexuality,
and cultural practices. These changes are noteworthy as they have rendered the Arabic translation as more of a work of
interpretation itself, modifying the 2nd century AD Greek text to reflect the realities of its new religious and geographic
setting in 9th century Baghdad.
Résumé
En 1959, Toufic Fahd, professeur spécialisé dans le domaine de la langue, de la littérature et de la
civilisation arabes, a réalisé une découverte fortuite, lors d’une visite académique à l’Université d’Istanbul. Alors qu’il
explorait la bibliothèque de l’établissement, il a fortuitement mis à jour une version arabe d’un texte grec antique, notamment le
célèbre traité sur l’oniromancie d’Artémidore, connu sous le nom d’Oneirocritica. Le texte grec d’origine est en
soi remarquable, représentant la seule œuvre exhaustive sur l’interprétation des rêves qui nous soit parvenue de l’Antiquité.
Néanmoins, la découverte de cette traduction arabe ultérieure s’avère particulièrement intrigante. La genèse de cette traduction
revêt une importance capitale pour les historiens de l’Islam, car elle fut commanditée durant l’âge d’or du mouvement de
traduction abbaside et réalisée par le traducteur renommé Ḥunayn Ibn ʾIsḥāq.
L’objectif principal de cet article consiste à effectuer une analyse comparative de ces textes. Cette étude
mettra en lumière les modifications délibérées apportées au contenu de l’œuvre d’origine grecque, en mettant un accent particulier
sur les aspects relatifs à la mythologie, à la sexualité et aux coutumes culturelles. L’intérêt de ces modifications réside dans
le fait qu’elles transforment la traduction arabe en une œuvre d’interprétation à part entière, réaménageant le texte grec du IIe
siècle après J.-C. afin de le faire résonner avec les réalités religieuses et géographiques du Bagdad du IXe siècle.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Artemidorus and his dream book
- 3.The translation movement
- 4.Ḥunayn Ibn ʾIsḥāq and his school
- 5.Dream interpretation in the time of Ḥunayn ibn ʾIsḥāq
- 6.Discrepancies and omissions in the text
- 6.1Mythology and paganism
- 6.2Sexuality
- 6.3Cultural practices
- 6.4Scribal error
- 7.Conclusion
- Notes
References
References (49)
Ancient
al-Bukhari, Sahih, [URL], accessed April 15th, 2016.
al-Jahiz. ar-Radd’ ala n-Nasara in Rasa’il
al-Jahiz. Trans. J. Finkel. Journal
of the American Oriental
Society. vol. 481. (1927): 311–334.
al-Nadīm, Muḥammad ibn ʾIsḥāq. Fihrist, vol. II1 Trans. Bayard Dodge. New York: Columbia University, 1970.
Artemidorus. Kitāb Taʻbīr al-ruʼyā: awwal wa-ahamm
al-kutub fī tafsīr al-aḥlām. Trans. Hunain Ibn Ishaq. al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Rashād, 1991.
. Oneirocritica: Text, Translation, and
Commentary. Trans. Daniel E. Harris-McCoy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Galen. Corpus Medicorum
Graecorum, In Hippocratis De victu acutorum commentaria
IV, edidit G. Helrich. Leipzig et Berlin, 1914. v. 91. 129.
Ḥunayn Ibn Isḥāq Al-‘Ibādī. ‘Risala.’
Manuscript No 3631 and 3590. Istanbul: Aya Sophia Mosque Library.
Masʿudi. Muruj
adh-dhahab, ed. Barbier de Maynard and Pavet de Courteille. Paris, 1861–1877.
Modern
“Artemidorus.” Suda On
Line. Trans. Jennifer Benedict. 7 April 2001. 15 March 2016. <[URL]>.
Bergsträsser, Gotthelf. “[URL] und seine Schule, Sprach- und
literaturgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu den arabischen [URL]- und [URL]-Übersetzungen. Brill: Leiden, 1913.
Brock, Sebastian. “From
Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning.” East of Byzantium: Syriac
and Armenia in the Formative Period. Dumbarton Oaks Symposium, 1980. 17–34.
. “Greek
and Syriac in Late Antique Syria, “Literacy and Power in the Ancient
World, ed. A. K. Bowman and G. Woolf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 149–160.
Fahd, Toufic. Artemidore
d’Ephese: Le Livre des songes, traduit du grec en arabe par Hunain B.
Ishaq. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1964.
. “Ḥunayn
Ibn Isḥāq est-il le traducteur des Oneirocritica d’Artemidore
d’Éphèse?” Arabica. T. 21. Fasc.
3 (Oct. 1974): 270–284.
. “The
Dream in Medieval Islamic Society.” The Dream and Human
Societies. Eds. G. E. Von Grunebaum and Roger Caillois. University of California: Berkeley, 1966. 351–363.
Green, Nile. “A
Brief World History of Muslim Dreams.” Islamic
Studies. vol. 54. no. 3/4. (Autumn-Winter 2015): 143–167.
Gutas, Dimitri. Greek
Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ʿAbbāsid
Society (2nd–4th/8th–10th
Centuries). London: Routledge, 1998.
Harper, Douglas. “Camel.” Online
Etymology Dictionary. Accessed April 15th, 2016, [URL]
Healey, John F. “The Syriac-speaking Christians and the Translation of
Greek Science into Arabic.” 1001 Inventions: Discover the Muslim Heritage in our
World. (Lecture, Museum of Science and Industry in
Manchester, 2006).
Hercher, Rudolph. Artemidori
Daldiani Onirocriticon libri V. Ghent University: in
aedibus B. G. Teubneri. 1864.
Lamoreaux, John C. The Early Muslim Tradition of Dream
Interpretation. (New York: State University of New York, 2002).
MacMullen, Ramsay. “Roman
Attitudes to Greek
Love.” Historia 31.4. (1982): 484–502.
Mavroudi, Maria. “Translations
from Greek into Latin and Arabic during the Middle Ages: Searching for the Classical
Tradition.” Speculum. vol. 90. no. 1. (January 2015): 28–59.
Meyerhof, Max. “New
Light on Hunain Ibn Ishaq and His
Period.” Isis. Vol. 8, No. 4. Oct., (1926): 685–724.
Miqadi, Riham H. “Abjad Numerals as an Absolute Dating Method: Forts
from al-Ain, UAE.” Mediterranean Archaeology and
Archaeometry. vol. 20. No. 3. (2020): 273–289.
Mounin, Georges. “Chapitre
III. Comment traduire?” in Les belles
infidèles. (Villeneuve d’Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion,
2016). Available at: [URL].
Nasrallah, Nawal. Annals
of the Caliph’s Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq’s Tenth century Baghdadi
Cookbook. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Osley, Arthur S. “Notes on Artemidorus’
Onericoritica.” The Classical
Journal. Vol. 591, No. 21. Nov., (1963): 65–70.
Pack, Roger A. “Artemidorus and his Arabic
Translator.” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological
Association. Vol. 981 (1967): 313–326.
“Further Notes on
Artemidorus.” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological
Association. Vol. 911 (1960): 146–151.
Perry, Ben Edwin. Babrius and
Phaedrus. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.
Price, Simon. Oxford
Classical Dictionary, 4th ed, s.v. “Artemidorus
(3).” Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
. “The
Future of Dreams: from Freud to Artemidorus.” in Studies in
Ancient Greek and Roman Society, ed. Robin Osborne. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 226–259.
Rowson, E. K. “Homosexuality
ii. in Islamic Law.” Encyclopædia
Iranica. ed. Iḥsān Yāršātir. vol. XII1. Fasc.
4. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 2004): 441–445.
Price, Simon. “From
Arabic Books and Manuscripts XII: The Arabic Translation of Artemidorus.” Journal of the
American Oriental
Society, vol. 85, no. 2, 1965. 139–144.
Sampson, Geoffrey. Writing
Systems: A Linguistic
Introduction. Chicago: Stanford University Press, 1985.
Sirriyeh, Elizabeth. “Arab
Stars, Assyrian Dogs and Greek Angels: How Islamic is Muslim Dream Interpretation?” Journal
of Islamic
Studies. vol. 22. no. 2. (May 2011): 215–233.
Strohmaier, Gotthard. “Ḥunayn
b. Isḥāḳ al-ʿIbādī.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second
Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2016. Reference. 4 April 2016 <[URL]>.
Ullman, M. “War
Hunain der Ubersetzer von Artemidors Traumbuch?” Der Welt des
Islams. vol. 131. (1971): 204–211.
Watt, John. “Grammar,
Rhetoric, and the Enkyklios Paideia in Syriac.” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen
Gesellschaft. Vol. 143. No. 1. 1993.
