Extent and patterns
A diary-based investigation of out-of-class language learning in Chinese interpreter education programs
Published online: 14 November 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.00031.sun
https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.00031.sun
Abstract
While students’ development of language skills is crucial to their development of interpreting competence, existing literature in interpreter training provides little information on the extent and patterns of student interpreters’ language learning behaviours. This study examined 17 Chinese student interpreters’ language learning behaviours through 741 out-of-class learning diary entries. This study quantified data on the frequency, duration, and breakdown of learning activities and compared the data across different program stages and university levels, revealing that (1) language learning was nearly as important as interpreting learning, (2) students’ efforts on language learning were in line with interpreting courses, and (3) while the majority of language learning sessions were comprehension-based and single-modal, students who progressed further in their education and with more elite educational backgrounds spared a bigger proportion for production-based language learning and multi-modal language learning. The article proposes incorporating corresponding language enhancement modules into interpreter education programs to boost training outcomes.
Résumé
Alors que le développement des compétences linguistiques des étudiants est crucial pour le développement de leurs compétences en matière d’interprétation, la littérature existante sur la formation des interprètes fournit peu d’informations sur l’étendue et les modèles de comportement des étudiants interprètes en matière d’apprentissage des langues. Cette étude a examiné les comportements d’apprentissage linguistique de 17 étudiants interprètes chinois à travers 741 entrées de journal d’apprentissage en dehors des cours. Cette étude a quantifié les données sur la fréquence, la durée et la répartition des activités d’apprentissage et a comparé les données entre les différentes étapes du programme et les différents niveaux universitaires, révélant que (1) l’apprentissage des langues était presque aussi important que l’apprentissage de l’interprétation, (2) les efforts des étudiants en matière d’apprentissage des langues correspondaient aux cours d’interprétation, et (3) alors que la majorité des entrées de journal d’apprentissage des langues étaient mono-modales basées sur la compréhension, les étudiants qui ont progressé davantage dans leur éducation et qui ont un niveau d’éducation plus élevé ont consacré une plus grande proportion à l’apprentissage des langues basé sur la production et à l’apprentissage des langues multi-modales. L’article propose d’incorporer des modules d’amélioration linguistique dans les programmes de formation des interprètes afin d’améliorer les résultats de la formation.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.The relationship between language skills and interpreting competence
- 3.Methods
- 3.1Diary method as a proxy of observation in exploring students’ learning behaviours
- 3.2Background
- 3.3Research instrument
- 3.4Data collection
- 3.5Data analysis
- 4.Results
- 4.1Language learning in out-of-class learning
- 4.2Language learning activities
- 4.3Language learning patterns related to stage in the program
- 4.4Language learning patterns related to university level
- 5.Conclusion and discussion
References
References (59)
Albl-Mikasa, Michaela. 2013. “Developing and cultivating expert interpreter competence.” The Interpreters’ Newsletter 181: 17–34. [URL]
Blasco Mayor, Maria Jesus. 2015. “L2 proficiency as predictor of aptitude for interpreting.” Translation and Interpreting Studies 10 (1): 108–132.
Broderick, Joan E., and Arthur A. Stone. 2006. “Paper and electronic diaries: Too early for conclusions on compliance rates and their effects – Comment on Green, Rafaeli, Bolger, Shrout, and Reis (2006).” Psychological Methods 11 (1): 106–111.
Burn, Jo Anna. 2023. “The use of self-reflection to develop intercultural and pragmatic competence in the legal interpreting classroom.” In New Advances in Legal Translation and Interpreting, edited by Junfeng Zhao, Defeng Li and Victoria Lai Cheng Lei, 197–219. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Cao, Xuemeng, and Emily F. Henderson. 2021. “The interweaving of diaries and lives: Diary-keeping behaviour in a diary-interview study of international students’ employability management.” Qualitative Research 21 (6): 829–845.
Carrasco Flores, José Andrés. 2019. “Teaching English for translation and interpreting: A framework of reference for developing the translator’s bilingual sub-competence.” Complutense Journal of English Studies 271: 121–137.
Cerezo Herrero, Enrique. 2015. “English language teaching for translator and interpreter trainees: Syllabus analysis and design.” Quaderns. Revista de Traducció 221: 289–306.[URL]
Cohen, Deborah J., Laura C. Leviton, and Nicole Isaacson. 2006. “Online diaries for qualitative evaluation gaining real-time insights.” American Journal of Evaluation 27 (2): 163–184. .
Chan, Clara Ho-yan. 2013. “From self-interpreting to real interpreting: A new web-based exercise to launch effective interpreting training.” Perspectives 21 (3): 358–377.
Cho, Jinhyun, and Peter Roger. 2010. “Improving interpreting performance through theatrical training.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 4 (2): 151–171.
Creswell, John W. 2012. Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson.
Crompton, H. 2013. “A historical overview of mobile learning: Toward learner-centered education.” In Handbook of Mobile Learning, edited by Z. L. Berge and Lin Y. Muilenburg, 3–14. Florence: Routledge.
Díaz-Galaz, Stephanie. 2020. “Listening and comprehension in interpreting – Questions that remain open.” Translation and Interpreting Studies 15 (2): 304–323.
D’warte, Jacqueline. 2014. “Exploring linguistic repertoires: Multiple language use and multimodal literacy activity in five classrooms.” The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy 371: 21–30.
Elliott, H. 1997. “The use of diaries in sociological research on health experience.” Sociological Research Online 2 (2): 38–48. [URL].
Feng, Shibo, and Xiaozhao Fu. 2017. “On the current development and problems of MTI education.” Education Teaching Forum (44): 58–59.
Gile, Daniel. 2009. Basic concepts and models for interpreter and translator training. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Gong, Lingying. 2020. “A survey on the employment situation of MTI students of English Interpreting from Guangdong University of Foreign Studies.” Master of Translation and Interpreting Master’s Thesis, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. [URL]
Green, Amie S., Eshkol Rafaeli, Niall Bolger, Patrick E. Shrout, and Harry T. Reis. 2006. “Paper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries.” Psychological Methods 11 (1): 87–105.
Jacelon, Cynthia S., and Kristal Imperio. 2005. “Participant diaries as a source of data in research with older adults.” Qualitative Health Research 15 (7): 991–997.
Kenten, Charlotte. 2010. “Narrating oneself: Reflections on the use of solicited diaries with diary interviews.” Forum: Qualitative Social Research 11 (2).
Kornakov, Peter. 2000. “Five principles and five skills for training interpreters.” Meta 45 (2): 241–248.
Latham, Alan. 2003. “Research, performance, and doing human geography: Some reflections on the diary-photograph, diary-interview method.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35 (11): 1993–2017.
Lee, Lo, and Melissa G. Ocepek. 2022. “Documenting the fun: Studying artistic information-creating behavior using research diaries.” Library & Information Science Research 44 (4): 101–192.
Lee, Vivian. 2015. “A model for using the reflective learning journal in the postgraduate translation practice classroom.” Perspectives 23(3): 489–505.
Li, Defeng. 2002. “Translator training: What translation students have to say.” Meta 47 (4): 513–531.
Li, Ruolin. 2020. “Using artificial intelligence in learning English as a foreign language: An examination of IELTS LIULISHUO.” the 13th Innovation in Language Learning Conference, Florence, Italy, 12–13 November. [URL]
Man, Deliang, Aiping Mo, Meng Huat Chau, John Mitchell O’Toole, and Charity Lee. 2020. “Translation technology adoption: Evidence from a postgraduate programme for student translators in China.” Perspectives 28 (2): 253–270.
Mu, Lei, and Weiwei Wang. 2020. “On the training of interpreting trainers in China.” Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Translation Studies 91: 15–23. [URL]
Newhook, J. T. 2012. “Task-Diaries: A valuable qualitative tool for occupational health research on teacher workloads.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 11 (5): 666–683.
Palen, Leysia, and Marilyn Salzman. 2002. “Voice-mail diary studies for naturalistic data capture under mobile conditions.” the 2002 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 16–20 November.
Pan, Jun, and Jackie Xiu Yan. 2012. “Learner variables and problems perceived by students: an investigation of a college interpreting programme in China.” Perspectives 20 (2): 199–218.
Rahmatian, Rouhollah, and Novid Armiun. 2011. “The effectiveness of audio and video documents in developing listening comprehension skill in a foreign language.” International Journal of English Linguistics 1 (1): 115–125.
Ren, Wen. 2018. “Xinshidai yujing xia fanyi rencai peiyang moshi zaitanjiu: Wenti yu chulu [Rethinking the translators education in a new era: Problems and solutions].” Contemporary Foreign Language Studies 61: 92–98.
Riasati, Mohammad Javad. 2018. “Willingness to speak English among foreign language learners: A causal model.” Cogent Education 5 (1): 1455332.
Roth, A., S. Ogrin, and B. Schmitz. 2016. “Assessing self-regulated learning in higher education: A systematic literature review of self-report instruments.” Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability 28 (3): 225–250.
Ruan, Sherry, Liwei Jiang, Qianyao Xu, Zhiyuan Liu, Glenn M. Davis, Emma Brunskill, and James A. Landay. 2021. “EnglishBot: An AI-powered conversational system for second language learning.” 26th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, College Station, TX, USA, 14–17 April.
Schmidhofer, Astrid. 2022. “Translation and interpreting-oriented language learning and teaching (TILLT): Where do we stand?” Sendebar 331: 264–283.
Schmitz, Bernhard, Julia Klug, and Michaela Schmidt. 2011. “Assessing self-regulated learning using diary measures with university students.” In Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance, edited by Barry J. Zimmerman and Dale H. Schunk, 251–266. New York: Routledge.
Shi, Man. 2017. “MTI zhuanye shuoshi peiyang xianzhuang ji peiyang jizhi gaige – Jiyu shanghaishi wusuo gaoxiao de diaoyan [MTI development status quo and program reform – An investigation of five universities in Shanghai].” Master of Translation and Interpreting, East China University of Political Science and Law. [URL]
Shih, Claire Y. 2011. “Learning from writing reflective learning journals in a theory-based translation module.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 5 (2): 309–324.
Sulaiman, Norazean, Ahmad Mazli Muhammad, Nurul Nadiah Dewi Faizul Ganapathy, Zulaikha Khairuddin, and Salwa Othman. 2017. “A comparison of students’ performances using audio only and video media methods.” English Language Teaching 10 (7): 210–215.
Sun, Jingyun. 2023. “The integration of mobile learning in student interpreters’ out-of-class learning in China.” PhD Thesis, University of Newcastle. [URL]
Wang, Jun. 2016. “An investigation on the education and employment of MTI students in Shandong Province.” Master’s Thesis, Shandong Normal University. [URL]
Wang, Qi, and Ying Cheng. 2014. “Reflections on the effects of the 985 Project in mainland China.” In How World-Class Universities Affect Global Higher Education: Influences and Responses, edited by Ying Cheng, Qi Wang and Nian Cai Liu, 103–114. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Wang, Yuanying. 2013. “Research on the course setting and professionalization of MTI program.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies 3 (10): 1887–1892.
Wild, Peter J., Chris McMahon, Mansur Darlington, Shaofeng Liu, and Steve Culley. 2010. “A diary study of information needs and document usage in the engineering domain.” Design Studies 31 (1): 46–73.
Wu, Di, Lawrence Jun Zhang, and Lan Wei. 2019. “Developing translator competence: understanding trainers’ beliefs and training practices.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 13 (3): 233–254.
Xu, Mianjun, Tianyuan Zhao, and Weihe Zhong. 2020. “On translator training in industry-specific universities in China – A case study of 16 MTI programs.” Lebende Sprachen 65 (1): 1–19.
Yan, Jackie Xiu, Jun Pan, and Honghua Wang. 2010. “Learner factors, self-perceived language ability and interpreting learning: An investigation of Hong Kong tertiary interpreting classes.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 4 (2): 173–196.
Yenkimaleki, Mahmood, and Vincent J. van Heuven. 2017. “The effect of memory training on consecutive interpreting performance by interpreter trainees: An experimental study.” FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 15 (1): 157–172.
. 2019. “The relative contribution of computer assisted prosody training vs. instructor based prosody teaching in developing speaking skills by interpreter trainees: An experimental study.” Speech Communication 1071: 48–57.
. 2022. “Comparing the nativeness vs. intelligibility approach in prosody instruction for developing speaking skills by interpreter trainees: An experimental study.” Speech Communication 1371: 92–102.
Zhan, Cheng. 2013. “MTI huiyi chuanyi fangxiang xueyuan de xuexi dongji he tiyan [Study motives and experience of students in the MTI conference interpreting programme].” Foreign Language World 5 (158): 36–44. [URL]
. 2017. “Kouyi zhuanye jiaoxue tixi zhong de yuyan jineng qianghua [Language skills enhancement in professional interpreter education].” Chinese Translators Journal (3): 47–50. [URL]
Zhao, Jin. 2014. “The study effect and employment of MTI students specializing in English interpreting – A survey of MTI students specializing in English interpreting in three universities.” Degree of Master of Translation and Interpreting Master’s Thesis, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. [URL]
Zhong, Weihe, Tianyuan, Zhao and Mianjun, Xu. 2020. “Professional interpreting translation education in the Chinese mainland: History, achievements, challenges and future prospects.” Babel: Revue Internationale de la Traduction/International Journal of Translation 66 (6): 883–901.
