Article published In: Discourse linguistics: Theory and practice
Edited by Karin Aijmer and Anita Fetzer
[Functions of Language 21:1] 2014
► pp. 67–94
I think, I mean and I believe in political discourse
Collocates, functions and distribution
Published online: 7 April 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.21.1.05fet
https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.21.1.05fet
This article examines the distribution, collocates and function of the first-person-singular cognitive-verb-based syntagmatic configurations I think, I mean and I believe in argumentative political discourse, considering their status as parenthetical construction and pragmatic marker in two sets of spoken data: monologic speech and dialogic interview. Its goal is to identify discourse-domain-specific discourse patterns, which manifest themselves in patterned co-occurrences with other pragmatic markers, and with expressions of modality and evidentiality. The explicit accommodation of local context allows for a fine-grained analysis of the three constructions, filtering out those contextual configurations in which I think, I mean and I believe may count as a pragmatic marker.
References (46)
Aijmer, Karin. 1997.
I think — an English modal particle. In Toril Swan & Olaf Jansen Westvik (eds.),
Modality in Germanic languages. Historical and comparative perspectives
, 1–47. Berlin: Mouton.
2009.
Seem and evidentiality.
Functions of Language
161. 63–88.
Aijmer, Karin & Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen (eds.). 2006.
Pragmatic markers in contrast
. Oxford: Elsevier.
Bongelli, Ramona & Andrzej Zuczkowski. 2008.
Indicatori linguistici percettivi e cognitivi
. Roma: Aracne.
Brinton, Laurel J. 2001. From matrix clause to pragmatic marker.
Journal of Historical Pragmatics
2(2). 177–199.
Celle, Agnes & Ruth Huart (eds.). 2007.
Connectives as discourse landmarks
. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Chafe, Wallace. 1996. Evidentiality in English conversation and academic writing. In Wallace Chafe & Johanna Nichols (eds.),
Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology
, 261–272. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Dendale, Patrick & Liliane Tasmowski. 2001. Introduction: Evidentiality and related notions.
Journal of Pragmatics
331. 339–348.
Erman, Britt. 1987.
Pragmatic expressions in English. A study of
you know, you see
and
I mean
in face-to-face conversation
. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell.
Faller, Martina. 2002.
Semantics and pragmatics of evidentials in Cuzco Quechua
. Stanford: Stanford University PhD thesis.
Fetzer, Anita. 2007. Reformulation and common grounds. In Anita Fetzer & Kerstin Fischer (eds.),
Lexical markers of common grounds
, 157–179. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
2008. ‘And I think that is a very straight forward way of dealing with it.’: The communicative function of cognitive verbs in political discourse.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology
27(4). 384–396.
2011. “I think this is I mean perhaps this is too erm too tough a view of the world, but I often think...”: Cognitive verbs in political discourse.
Language Sciences
33(2). 255–267.
Fetzer, Anita & Marjut Johansson. 2010. Cognitive verbs in context: A contrastive analysis of English and French argumentative discourse.
International Journal of Corpus Linguistics
15(2). 240–266.
Fraser, Bruce. 1987. Pragmatic formatives. In Jef Verschueren & Marcella Bertuccelli-Papi (eds.),
The pragmatic perspective
, 179–194. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Grice, Herbert P. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Peter Cole & Jerry L Morgan. (eds.),
Syntax and semantics
, vol. III1, 41–58. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Hooper, Joan B. 1975. On assertive predicates. In John P. Kimball (ed.),
Syntax and semantics
, vol. 41, 91–124. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Ifantidou, Elly. 2001.
Evidentials and relevance
. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Jucker, Andreas & Yael Ziv (eds.). 1998.
Discourse markers
. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Kaltenböck, Gunther. 2009a. English comment clauses: Position, prosody, and scope.
Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik
34(1). 49–75.
Kärkkäinen, Elise. 2003.
Epistemic stance in English conversation. A description of its interactional functions, with a focus on ‘I think’
. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Mushin, Ilana. 2001.
Evidentiality and epistemological stance
. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Nuyts, Jan. 2001. Subjectivity as an evidential dimension in epistemic modal expressions.
Journal of Pragmatics
331. 383–400.
Shinzato, Rumiko. 2004. Some observations concerning mental verbs and speech act verbs.
Journal of Pragmatics
361. 861–882.
Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie. 2000. The functions of I think in political discourse.
International Journal of Applied Linguistics
10(1). 41–63.
Thompson, Sandra & Anthony Mulac. 1991. A quantitative perspective on the grammaticalization of epistemic parentheticals in English. In Elizabeth Traugott & Bernd Heine (eds.),
Approaches to grammaticalization
, 313–348. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Tottie, Gunnel. 2014. On the use of uh and um in American English.
Functions of Language
21(1). 6–29.
Traugott, Elizabeth. 1995. Subjectification in grammaticalization. In Dieter Stein & Susan Wright (eds.),
Subjectivity and subjectivisation
, 31–54. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Cited by (51)
Cited by 51 other publications
Alshammari, Fahad Dighaishim & Hesham Suleiman Alyousef
Bonsu, Emmanuel Mensah
Dontcheva‐Navratilova, Olga
Fu, Yanli & Godswill Uchechukwu Chigbu
Gracheva, Marianna
Kapranov, Oleksandr
Klumm, Matthias
Klumm, Matthias & Augustin Speyer
Biri, Ylva
2024. Personal conviction against general knowledge. In Self- and Other-Reference in Social Contexts [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 342], ► pp. 14 ff.
Fu, Yanli, Muhammad Afzaal & Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs
Hiltunen, Turo & Turo Vartiainen
2024. A corpus-pragmatic analysis of linguistic democratisation in the British Hansard. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 25:2 ► pp. 245 ff.
Wei, Jilan
Zhou, Jiangping
Çeltek, Aytaç
2024. The functions of “I think” in TED Talks and their Turkish translations. Pragmatics & Cognition 31:2 ► pp. 391 ff.
Cuenca, Maria-Josep
Hu, Jian
Hu, Jian
Hu, Jian
Taguchi, Naoko & Marianna Gracheva
Westra, Evan
Adams, Zoë, Agata Ludwiczak, Devyani Sharma & Magda Osman
Liu, Ming
2022. Stancetaking in Hong Kong political discourse. Chinese Language and Discourse. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal 13:1 ► pp. 79 ff.
Pastuch, Magdalena
Soler Bonafont, María Amparo
Zhou, Jiangping & Yanmei Gao
Jaakola, Minna
Li, Tao & Kaibao Hu
Ruskan, Anna
Deppermann, Arnulf & Silke Reineke
2020. Practices of indexing discrepant assumptions with Germanich dachte(‘I thought’) in talk-in-interaction. Functions of Language 27:2 ► pp. 113 ff.
Furkó, Péter B.
Hart, Christopher & Matteo Fuoli
Li, Tao
Soler Bonafont, M. Amparo
Fronhofer, Nina-Maria
2019. Chapter 9. My anger was justified surely?. In Emotion in Discourse [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 302], ► pp. 213 ff.
Netz, Hadar & Ron Kuzar
Schubert, Christoph
Szczyrbak, Magdalena
Szczyrbak, Magdalena
Szczyrbak, Magdalena
Hoek, Jet, Jacqueline Evers-Vermeul & Ted J.M. Sanders
Hoffmann, Christian R.
Hoffmann, Christian R.
Ranger, Graham
Furko, Peter
Hofmockel, Carolin
Polymeneas, George
2017. “Today I know, we know, that these sacrifices are heavy, but necessary”. In Greece in Crisis [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 70], ► pp. 83 ff.
Chor, Winnie Oi-Wan, Foong Ha Yap & Tak-Sum Wong
2016. Chinese interrogative particles as talk coordinators at the right periphery. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 17:2 ► pp. 178 ff.
Kozubíková Šandová, Jana
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 9 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
