A systemic functional study of modal verbs in the Chinese clause

Previous studies of Chinese modal verbs in the traditional framework (e.g. Lu 2004Lu, Xiaokun. 2004. Xiàndài hànyǔ jīběn zhùdòngcí yǔyì yánjiū (The semantic study of modal auxiliaries in Modern Chinese). Beijing: China Social Science Press.; Peng 2007Peng, Lizhen. 2007. Xiàndài hànyǔ qíngtài yánjiū (On modality in Modern Chinese). Beijing: China Social Science Press.; Tang 2000Tang, Tingchi. 2000. Huǎyǔ qíngtài cíxù lùn (On the word order of modal expressions in Chinese). In Tingchi Tang (ed.), Hànyǔ yǔfǎ lùnjí (Papers on Chinese syntax), 81–102. Taipei: Pyramid Press.; Tiee 1985Tiee, Henry H. 1985. Modality in Chinese. In Nam-Kil Kim & Henry H. Tiee, Studies in East Asian linguistics, 84–96. Los Angeles, CA: Department of East Asian language and culture, University of Southern California.; Tsang 1981Tsang, Chui-Lim. 1981. A semantic study of modal auxiliary verbs in Chinese. Stanford, CA: Stanford University PhD Thesis.; Xie 2002Xie, Jialing. 2002. Modal verbs in Chinese. Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University PhD Thesis.; Xu 2007Xu, Jingning. 2007. Xiàndài hànyǔ huàyǔ qíngtài yánjiū (Discourse modality of Mandarin Chinese). Beijing: Kunlun Press.) have mainly focused on the description of semantic and syntactic features of modals that occur in the middle of the clause and attached little significance to the functions that modal verbs serve when they appear at different positions in the clause. Similarly, in a systemic functional framework, modal verbs in the middle of the clause receive the most attention. Their interpersonal functions are thoroughly explored; however, their textual functions are seldom discussed as they are believed to mainly appear in the middle of the clause buried in the Rheme rather than at the beginning or at the end of the clause. This paper examines the functions that modal verbs serve when they occur in different places in the clause from the perspective of systemic functional grammar. It argues that modal verbs are functionally motivated and the position of the modal verbs in the clause expresses particular meanings. When situated medially in the clause, modal verbs function as the Modality in the interpersonal structure of the clause, and as part of the Rheme in the thematic structure of the clause, marking the transition between Theme and Rheme. When occurring at the beginning or in the middle of the clause before a nominal group, some modal verbs of obligation serve as focus markers and identify the subsequent nominal group as the marked information focus of the clause. In the thematic structure of the clause, clause-initial modal verbs of obligation and probability function as interpersonal Themes to foreground the speaker’s modal assessment. Finally, when placed at the end of the clause, modal verbs serve either as the Predicator or Modality in the interpersonal structure of the clause and as the unmarked information focus of the clause.